Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Colostrum and Mature Milk of Chinese Mothers: Lewis Positive Secretor Subgroups

Abstract

To study the variability in human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) composition of Chinese human milk over a 20-wk lactation period, HMO profiles of 30 mothers were analyzed using CE-LIF. This study showed that total HMO concentrations in Chinese human milk decreased significantly over a 20-wk lactation period, independent of the mother’s SeLe status, although with individual variations. In addition, total acidic and neutral HMO concentrations in Chinese human milk decreased over lactation, and levels are driven by their mother’s SeLe status. Analysis showed that total neutral fucosylated HMO concentrations in Chinese human milk were higher in the two secretor groups as compared to the nonsecretor group. On the basis of the total neutral fucosylated HMO concentrations in Chinese human milk, HMO profiles within the Se+Le+ group can be divided into two subgroups. HMOs that differed in level between Se+Le+ subgroups were 2′FL, DF-L, LNFP I, and F-LNO. HMO profiles in Dutch human milk also showed Se+Le+ subgroup division, with 2′FL, LNT, and F-LNO as the driving force.

Atropine Differentially Modulates ECM Production by Ocular Fibroblasts, and Its Ocular Surface Toxicity Is Blunted by Colostrum

“…This is generally obtained during the first few hours after cow's delivery, so that it contains significant and reproducible amounts of bioactive factors, including cytokines, immunomodulating factors, growth factors, and immunoglobulins [48]. The 2FL is the most abundant oligosaccharide in colostrum and milk of lactating mothers [49]. Both colostrum [50] and 2FL [16] have been used as eye drops to treat ocular surface diseases.…”

Modifications of Own Mothers’ Milk Fortification Protocol Affect Early Plasma IGF-I and Ghrelin Levels in Preterm Infants. A Randomized Clinical Trial

“…Another limitation is the fact that the mid-infrared milk analyzers cannot discriminate lactose from other non-digestible oligosaccharides. Previous studies reported a wide range of human milk oligosaccharide concentrations (12% to 30%), depending on gestational age, duration of breast feeding, ethnicity, maternal BMI, and other factors [29,[32][33][34][35]. For this reason, we calculated lactose concentration, referred to as estimated lactose, and the lactose-derived energy of OMM assuming that oligosaccharides constitute 20% of total carbohydrates in human milk.…”

“…, and lipid (g•kg −1 •d −1 ) intake were calculated including milk content and the amount of HMF as well as the parenterally administered macronutrients. Lactose intake was calculated from the total carbohydrates measured in OMM assuming a 20% of total carbohydrates as non-metabolized oligosaccharides [29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. Energy intake was calculated from the macronutrient concentrations by using the Atwater factors: 9 kcal/g for fat and 4 kcal/g for protein and estimated lactose.…”

Quantifying the human milk oligosaccharides 2’‐fucosyllactose and 3‐fucosyllactose in different food applications by high‐performance liquid chromatography with refractive index detection

“…The concentration of HMOs ranges from approximately 20 mg/mL in colostrum to 5 to 15 mg/mL in mature milk (Elwakiel et al., ; Gabrielli et al., ; N. Sprenger, Lee, De Castro, Steenhout, & Thakkar, ; Xu et al., ). 2’‐Fucosyllactose (2’‐FL; Figure ) is the most abundant HMO in both colostrum and mature milk, with concentrations of 0.76 to 4.78 mg/mL (Thurl et al., ; Thurl, Munzert, Boehm, Matthews, & Stahl, ).…”

“…The concentration of HMOs ranges from approximately 20 mg/mL in colostrum to 5 to 15 mg/mL in mature milk (Elwakiel et al, 2018;Gabrielli et al, 2011;N. Sprenger, Lee, De Castro, Steenhout, & Thakkar, 2017;Xu et al, 2017).…”