Human Milk Oligosaccharide, Phospholipid, and Ganglioside Concentrations in Breast Milk from United Arab Emirates Mothers: Results from the MISC Cohort

Abstract

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), phospholipids (PLs), and gangliosides (GAs) are components of human breast milk that play important roles in the development of the rapidly growing infant. The differences in these components in human milk from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) were studied in a cross-sectional trial. High-performance liquid chromatography‒mass spectrometry was used to determine HMO, PL, and GA concentrations in transitional (5–15 days) and mature (at 6 months post-partum) breast milk of mothers of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The results showed that the average HMO (12 species), PL (7 species), and GA (2 species) concentrations quantified in the UAE mothers’ transitional milk samples were (in mg/L) 8204 ± 2389, 269 ± 89, and 21.18 ± 11.46, respectively, while in mature milk, the respective concentrations were (in mg/L) 3905 ± 1466, 220 ± 85, and 20.18 ± 9.75. The individual HMO concentrations measured in this study were all significantly higher in transitional milk than in mature milk, except for 3 fucosyllactose, which was higher in mature milk. In this study, secretor and non-secretor phenotype mothers showed no significant difference in the total HMO concentration. For the PL and GA components, changes in the individual PL and GA species distribution was observed between transitional milk and mature milk. However, the changes were within the ranges found in human milk from other regions.

The Milk Metabolome of Non-secretor and Lewis Negative Mothers

“…Other HMOs and related metabolites such as 3′galactosyllactose, 3′SL, fucose, galactose, and GlcNAc also trended different within the HMO phenotypes, indicating other factors influencing the glycome of human milk ( Figure 3 ). 3′SL ( Figure 2B ), lower in both Se–Le– and Se–Le+ groups compared to Se+ in this study, was reported to be similar in concentration in milk from Se+ and Se− women ( 14 , 21 ) or even ~20–56% higher in milk from Se− compared to Se+ women ( 18 , 29 ). 6′-sialyllactose, which is not reported in the current study, was demonstrated to be significantly higher in milk from non-secretor women ( 14 ).…”

In Love with Shaping You—Influential Factors on the Breast Milk Content of Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Their Decisive Roles for Neonatal Development

“…Newborns rapidly develop during their first months of life requiring variable nutritional intake [ 14 ]. A great number of studies have analyzed the HMO concentration during the course of lactation [ 5 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 12 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. However, only a few performed a quantification of the absolute HMO content ( Table 1 ).…”

Opinion on the re‐evaluation of lecithins (E 322) as a food additive in foods for infants below 16 weeks of age and follow‐up of its re‐evaluation as food additive for uses in foods for all population groups

“…, 2013; Ma et al. , 2017; Cheong et al., 2018; Jiang et al., 2018; Ingvordsen Lindahl et al., 2019; McJarrow et al., 2019; Wei et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2019; documentation provided to EFSA n. 2 and 3).…”

“…, 2013; Ma et al. , 2017; Cheong et al., 2018; Jiang et al., 2018; Ingvordsen Lindahl et al., 2019; McJarrow et al., 2019; Wei et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2019; Documentation provided to EFSA n. 2,3). Overall, the total phospholipid levels reported at the mean in colostrum, transitional milk and mature milk were calculated to average at 450, 382 and 248 mg/L, respectively, whereas maximum reported levels at the mean were of 1,173, 955 and 575 mg/L, respectively, see Table B.1.…”

“…Maximum total phospholipids levels reported to occur in colostrum, transitional and mature milk were of 1,600, 900 and 815 mg/L, respectively. In all studies that evaluated total phospholipids in maternal milk during the various stages of lactation, total phospholipids generally decreased in maternal milk as lactation progressed (Bitman et al., 1986; Sala‐Vila et al., 2005; Garcia et al., 2011; Thakkar et al., 2013; Giuffrida et al., 2016; Ma et al., 2017; Ingvordsen Lindahl et al., 2019; McJarrow et al., 2019; Wei et al., 2019). Contradictory results are reported with regard to total phospholipid levels by gestational age, whereby Ingvordsen Lindahl et al.…”