Human Microbiome: Composition and Role in Inflammatory Skin Diseases

The gut microbiome alterations in allergic and inflammatory skin diseases – an update

“…The intestinal flora is involved in the development of host immune response, in the structural modification of intestinal mucosa, endocrine and metabolic mechanisms as well as neurological transmission and vitamin K production …”

“…The intestinal microbiome is composed in around 90% of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes with lower levels of Actinobacteria , Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia . The small intestine microbiome resembles the large intestine flora qualitatively, but not quantitively . The proximal small intestine consists of a minor number of bacteria, estimated at the maximum of 10 3 CFU/mL (colony forming units), whereas in the large intestine, the number of bacteria reaches 10 4 CFU/mL.…”

Epigenetic treatment of dermatologic disorders

“…As alluded to above, the use of olive oil formulations and (other plant oils and extracts) (Das & Satyaprakash, ; Vaughn, Clark, Sivamani, & Shi, ) to treat skin disorders traces back to antiquity (Hippocrates, 460BCE; Ali, Fox, & Finlayson, ; Das & Satyaprakash, ; Gorini et al, ; Tsoucalas et al, ). Principally, such disorders include atopic dermatitis (eczema, a chronic inflammatory skin disease affecting 10–20% of the general population) (Balato et al, ; Zaidi, Hussain, & Sudhakaran, ) and psoriasis (a chronic immune‐mediated inflammatory skin condition (Brajac & Gruber, ; Grayson, ; Perera, Di Meglio, & Nestle, ) that affects about 2–3% of adults in the United States) (Belge, Brück, & Ghoreschi, ; Kaushik & Lebwohl, ; Kim & Lebwohl, ; Weigle & McBane, ). Advances in our understanding of biologic and immunogenetic pathways are today expanding the arsenal of available treatments from which the dermatologist may choose (Al‐Jaderi & Maghazachi, ; Al‐Sawaf et al, ; Belge et al, ; Blume‐Peytavi et al, ; Crow, ; Garber, ; Kaushik & Lebwohl, ; Kim et al, ; Misery, Huet, Gouin, Ständer, & Deleuran, ; Mrowietz, Morrison, Suhrkamp, Kumanova, & Clement, ; Pantazi, Valenza, Hess, & Hamad, ; Papp et al, ; Perera et al, ; Rizvi, Chaudhari, & Syed, ).…”

“…Evidence from a growing body of literature (Byrd, Belkaid, & Segre, ; Dietert & Dietert, ; Karkman, Lehtimäki, & Ruokolainen, ; Kodukula et al, ; Moos, Faller, et al, ; Moos, Pinkert, et al, ; Moos et al, ) illustrates that the human microbiome exerts a profound influence on the host's well‐being and response to treatment for a disease state (Arnold et al, ; O'Neill & Gallo, ; Walsh, Griffin, Clarke, & Hyland, ). A maladaptation of skin microbiota (dysbiosis), for example, has been linked to exacerbated forms of diabetic foot ulcers, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, vitiligo, and acne (Balato et al, ; Byrd et al, ; Dietert & Dietert, ; Karkman et al, ; Kundu, Mhlaba, Rangel, & Poole, ; O'Neill & Gallo, ). Thus, reshaping the microbiome (Gilbert et al, ) by modifying the genetic diversity of the various commensal bacterial compositions towards a healthier state, especially on skin (Blume‐Peytavi et al, ; Knight et al, ; McCoy et al, ; Rocha & Bagatin, ; Vollmer, West, & Lephart, ), and/or harnessing them to produce bioactive therapeutic products, including those influencing gene expression, present opportunities for therapeutic intervention (Bueso, Lehouritis, & Tangney, ; Dietert & Dietert, ; Eisenstein, ; O'Neill & Gallo, ).…”

“…A maladaptation of skin microbiota (dysbiosis), for example, has been linked to exacerbated forms of diabetic foot ulcers, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, vitiligo, and acne (Balato et al, 2019;Byrd et al, 2018; F I G U R E 1 Chemical structures of some of the natural phenolic products present in olive oil Dietert & Dietert, 2015;Karkman et al, 2017;Kundu, Mhlaba, Rangel, & Poole, 2018;O'Neill & Gallo, 2018). Thus, reshaping the microbiome (Gilbert et al, 2018) by modifying the genetic diversity of the various commensal bacterial compositions towards a healthier state, especially on skin (Blume-Peytavi et al, 2019;Knight et al, 2017;McCoy et al, 2019;Rocha & Bagatin, 2018;Vollmer, West, & Lephart, 2018), and/or harnessing them to produce bioactive therapeutic products, including those influencing gene expression, present opportunities for therapeutic intervention (Bueso, Lehouritis, & Tangney, 2018;Dietert & Dietert, 2015;Eisenstein, 2016;O'Neill & Gallo, 2018).…”