Human melanocytes as a model system for studies of Alzheimer disease

Yaar, M.

doi:10.1001/archderm.133.10.1287

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Keratinocyte Epidermis • Epidermis is stratified into numerous layers with distinct function (basal, spinous, granular and uppermost stratum corneum) 70 ; terminally differentiated keratinocytes of the outer epidermis play a role in immune modulation and also still communicate with stem cells, other skin cells and immune cells in the epidermal basal layer 71 • Keratinocytes of the stratum corneum produce lipids to serve, in part, as protective barrier layer but the microenvironment of the skin (ie lipid concentration, bacteria population/microbiota, moisturization) will be distinct with respect to location on the body 70,72 • Keratinocytes deposit keratins, proteins responsible for numerous processes distinct through differentiation stages of the keratinocyte that also add mechanical strength to the skin 10 • Keratinocytes have neurotransmitter receptors, respond to neuropeptide activity in the skin, and re-epithelialization can be stimulated via neuronal-keratinocyte signalling 31,43,70,73 Melanocyte Epidermis • Melanogenesis 74 • Secrete many signalling molecules including pro-inflammatory cytokines, immune and neuromediators 74,75 • Interact with keratinocytes which regulate many functions of melanocytes 74 • May be responsive to β-amyloid with effect on cholinergic neurons, with implication in Alzheimer's disease 76,77 Langerhans immune cells Epidermis • Important antigen-presenting cell that diminishes with age and may be related to lack of cutaneous immune function in ageing patients 78 • Maintain immune homeostasis in skin can stimulate T-cell population 79…”

Section: Skin Cell Type or Component Location(s) Function(s)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The importance of the neuro‐immuno‐cutaneous system on human skin equivalent design

2019

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The skin is a highly complex organ, responsible for sensation, protection against the environment (pollutants, foreign proteins, infection) and thereby linked to the immune and sensory systems in the neuro‐immuno‐cutaneous (NIC) system. Cutaneous innervation is a key part of the peripheral nervous system; therefore, the skin should be considered a sensory organ and an important part of the central nervous system, an ‘active interface’ and the first connection of the body to the outside world. Peripheral nerves are a complex class of neurons within these systems, subsets of functions are conducted, including mechanoreception, nociception and thermoception. Epidermal and dermal cells produce signalling factors (such as cytokines or growth factors), neurites influence skin cells (such as via neuropeptides), and peripheral nerves have a role in both early and late stages of the inflammatory response. One way this is achieved, specifically in the cutaneous system, is through neuropeptide release and signalling, especially via substance P (SP), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and nerve growth factor (NGF). Cutaneous, neuronal and immune cells play a central role in many conditions, including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, vitiligo, UV‐induced immunosuppression, herpes and lymphomas. Therefore, it is critical to understand the connections and interplay between the peripheral nervous system and the skin and immune systems, the NIC system. Relevant in vitro tissue models based on human skin equivalents can be used to gain insight and to address impact across research and clinical needs.

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Section: Skin Cell Type or Component Location(s) Function(s)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Melanogenesis Secrete many signalling molecules including pro‐inflammatory cytokines, immune and neuromediators Interact with keratinocytes which regulate many functions of melanocytes May be responsive to β‐amyloid with effect on cholinergic neurons, with implication in Alzheimer's disease …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of the neuro‐immuno‐cutaneous system on human skin equivalent design

2019

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Human Hair Follicle Melanocytes as a Proxy Cell Type in Neurodegeneration Research

Papageorgiou¹,

Carpenter²,

Tobin

2010

Aging Hair

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Skin and brain age together: The role of hormones in the ageing process

Makrantonaki

Schönknecht

Hossini

et al. 2010

Experimental Gerontology

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The importance of the endocrine environment in the initiation of the ageing process has been elucidated in several in vivo an in vitro studies. Changes in endocrine pathways accompany healthy ageing, these include the growth hormone /insulin like growth factor-I axis (somatopause) and that of sexual hormones, namely estradiol (menopause), testosterone (andropause), and dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulphate (adrenopause). The clinical significance of these changes is variable and results in morphological and functional alterations of all organ systems including the skin and the central nervous system. Moreover, the pathogenesis of age-associated diseases such as epithelial skin cancer and neurodegenerative diseases has been partly attributed to the lack of hormones. Several studies have been conducted in an attempt to reverse the ageing process and clinical signs by substitution of the serum hormone levels in older individuals, however the benefits of hormone replacement therapy, if any, are still controversial. On the other hand, recent data suggest that skin is a window to the human organism and represents an adequate model for ageing research, also implying the use of skin samples for evaluating the ageing status of the central nervous system.

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Human melanocytes as a model system for studies of Alzheimer disease

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

The importance of the neuro‐immuno‐cutaneous system on human skin equivalent design

The importance of the neuro‐immuno‐cutaneous system on human skin equivalent design

Human Hair Follicle Melanocytes as a Proxy Cell Type in Neurodegeneration Research

Skin and brain age together: The role of hormones in the ageing process

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