Human macrophage polarization in vitro: Maturation and activation methods compared

M2 polarized macrophages induced by CSE promote proliferation, migration, and invasion of alveolar basal epithelial cells

“…M1 macrophages have a pro-inflammatory phenotype and produce high levels of TNF-α, IL-12 and IL-6. M2 macrophages produce high levels of TGF-β and IL-10 [21][22][23]. Despite being commonly associated with pro-inflammatory functions, IL-6 can enhance the polarization of M2 macrophages [24].…”

In vitro chemotaxis and tissue remodeling assays quantitatively characterize foreign body reaction

“…In this study, differentiation to a moderate anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage subtype involved in long-term chronic tissue-remodeling and fibrosis was preferred (Franz et al, 2011). Thus, monocytes were incubated with M-CSF for six days in culture medium (Ambarus et al, 2012;Spiller et al, 2014;Vogel et al, 2014). Robustness of differentiation was confirmed by analyzing phenotypic clusters of differentiation in flow cytometry (Tab.…”

“…The choice of maturation factors, i.e., granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) for macrophage differentiation determines the state of pro-or anti-inflammation of the mature macrophages generated (Vogel et al, 2014). In this study, differentiation to a moderate anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage subtype involved in long-term chronic tissue-remodeling and fibrosis was preferred (Franz et al, 2011).…”

The roles of immune cells in bone healing; what we know, do not know and future perspectives

“…The in vitro polarisation of macrophages into either proinflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 that are also involved in tissue repair and angiogenesis, becomes possible via differentiation of peripheral blood monocytes utilising specific cytokines [143,144]. Importantly, it has been shown that both subsets together highly support the angiogenesis.…”