Abbreviations: DAPI, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DMEM, Dulbecco's minimum essential media; FITC, Fluorescein isothiocyanate; KIF4, kinesin superfamily protein member 4
A bstractIn association w ith m icrotubules, a variety of kinesins play im portant roles in cellular functions such as intracellular transport of organelles or vesicles, signal transduction, and cell division. In a previous study w e revealed that hum an kinesin superfam ily protein m em ber 4 (KIF4) is a chrom okinesin that binds to chrom osom es. Since localization of several kinds of kinesin at m idzone called central spindle, or m idbody that connects tw o daughter cells, or both, suggests their im plication in cell division, w e investigated K IF4 localization of during m itosis and cytokinesis in Hela cells. In addition to association w ith segregating chrom osom es through entire m itosis, it also localized to the m idzone and to m idbody at ana/telophase through cytokinesis. Especially in cells at cytokinesis, KIF4 appeared as a doublet facing each other at the apical ends of tw o daughter cells. Threedim ensional analysis of architectural relationship betw een m icrotubule bundles and KIF4 indicated that KIF4 form s a ring structure w rapping around the m icrotubule bundles. These results suggest that KIF4 is involved in cytokinesis, although direct evidence w as not provided in this study.Keywords: cell division; chromosome; kinesin; mitosis; segregation; structure
IntroductionMicrotubule-dependent movement carried out by two superfamily motor proteins called cytoplasmic dynein and kinesin is fundamental to many biological processes including cell division and intracellular transport of membranous organelles in higher eukaryotic cells (Hirokawa, 1998;Rieder and Salmon, 1998;Heald and Walczak, 1999). Kinesin or kinesin-like proteins have highly conserved motor domains responsible for microtubule binding and ATP hydrolysis for movement along microtubules. In contrast, no significant sequence similarity is detected in the coiled-coil stalk and cargo-binding tail domains. The diversity of kinesin suggests that each kinesin may have a specific function.According to the recent phylogenetic analysis of kinesins (http://www.blocks.fhcrc.org/~kinesin/), kinesin superfamily member 4 (KIF4) includes 4 each vertebrate [human and murine KIF4s, chick chromokinesin, and Xenopus KLP1(Xklp1)] and invertebrate (KLP31D and KLP3A of Drosophila, and T01G1 and Y43F4B of C. elegans) kinesins. Chick chromokinesin with DNA binding activity is a nuclear protein and associates with chromosome arms (Wang and Adler, 1995), and Xklp1, which is considered to be a nuclear protein, positions mitotic chomosome and stabilizes bipolar mitotic spindle (Vernos et al., 1995). Murine KIF4 is found in both cytoplasm and nucleus, and colocalizes with membranous organelles in interphase cells and with spindle microtubules in mitotic cells (Sekine et al., 1994). It also has been shown to be involved in the anterograde transport of vesicles containing L1, a cell adhesion molecul...