Human internal and external exposure to PBDEs – A review of levels and sources

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediments of the coastal East China Sea: Occurrence, distribution and mass inventory

“…PBDEs can be easily escaped into the environment during material crushing because they are dissolved in the polymer without chemical bond (Rahman et al, 2001;Cynthia, 2002). PBDE residues have been now widely found in abiotic matrix (soils, sediments, waters and atmosphere) (Wang et al, 2005(Wang et al, , 2007Cai et al, 2008;Yogui and Sericano, 2009;Ramu et al, 2010) and biotic environment (marine animals, human milk, hair, blood, and adipose tissue) (Hites, 2004;Frederiksen et al, 2009;Kang et al, 2011) in recent years due to the rapid increase of PBDEs usage. Meanwhile, PBDEs have been become a concern in the world due to their persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicities in the environment (Darnerud et al, 2001;Martin et al, 2004).…”

Determination of environmentally relevant exposure concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers for in vitro toxicological studies

“…In general, previous studies of PBDEs in vitro have incorporated micromolar (lM) levels in the culture media, although several reports have used nanomolar (nM) levels (Barber et al, 2006;Cantón et al, 2006;Dingemans et al, 2007Dingemans et al, , 2008Fery et al, 2009;Giordano et al, 2008Giordano et al, , 2009He et al, 2008aHe et al, ,b, 2009Hu et al, 2007;Madia et al, 2004;Mercado-Feliciano and Bigsby, 2008;Peters et al, 2004Peters et al, , 2006Stavenes Andersen et al, 2009;Song et al, 2009;Stapleton et al, 2009;Tagliaferri et al, 2010;Zhang et al, 2007). None of these studies measured the cellular PBDE concentrations but it is assumed that the concentrations used may not be environmentally relevant because they are much higher than the picomolar (pM) or lower levels typically found in environmental water or body fluids (Frederiksen et al, 2009;Gill et al, 2004;Streets et al, 2006;Wu et al, 2008). It is important to establish exposure concentrations of PBDEs for in vitro toxicological studies that will result in environmentally relevant concentrations in culture cells.…”

Absorption and excretion of Tetrabromobisphenol A in male Wistar rats following subchronic dermal exposure

“…HBCD, TBBPA, and PBDEs), the current understanding is that the exposure mainly occurs via a combination of diet, ingestion of indoor dust, dermal contact with dust/consumer products, and inhalation of indoor air (Roper et al, 2006;Abdallah et al, 2008;Frederiksen et al, 2009;Watkins et al, 2011). Several studies have reported that indoor dust (via ingestion or dermal contact) was the major exposure pathway to PBDEs for all age groups contributing 70e80% to the average overall daily exposure (Lorber, 2008;Trudel et al, 2011).…”