Human Influenza Epidemiology

Ryu, Sukhyun; Cowling, Benjamin J.

doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a038356

Cited by 29 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…Although the disease cycle is short and generally does not lead to serious consequences, the highly contagious and mutable nature of influenza viruses still requires vigilance. As reported in a review study, the median basic reproduction number was 1.80 for the 1918 pandemic, 1.65 for the 1957 pandemic, 1.80 for the 1968 pandemic, 1.46 for the 2009 pandemic, and 1.28 for seasonal influenza [5]. As it spreads, influenza viruses accumulate mutations and then evolve through antigenic drift and antigenic transfer.…”

Section: Epidemic Characteristics Of Influenza Virusesmentioning

confidence: 79%

The influenza viruses in China: Pandemic and prevention measures

2023

TNS

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Seasonal influenza (SI) is a kind of respiratory virus with annual epidemic and high contagion, leading to cause increased morbidity and mortality in certain population. According to estimates, the flu causes an average of 400,000 respiratory deaths per year worldwide. The estimate mortality of flu is more than 65 per 100,000 people in the worldwide, and the ratio is 52.9/100,000 in China, demonstrating that seasonal influenza has caused a considerable disease burden in China. Influenza viruses are spread by droplets, and people infected with seasonal influenza usually have a sudden high fever, dry cough, and severe headache. Noteworthy, children and gravidas have higher rates of infection, and the elder population over 65 ages has a higher risks for complications, hospitalizations and death, especially patients with cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Therefore, prevention and treatment of high-risk populations is important to prevent and control influenza, while vaccination is an effective solution to protect them from infection and associated complications. In this paper, the author analyzes the epidemic features of influenza viruses in different regions of China in light of the prevention and control policies in various places, and provides some suggestions to prevent pandemic of influenza virus and enhance individuals preventive awareness, which purpose is to reduce the influenza positivity rate and the infection rate in the future, especially for vulnerable population of children and elder people.

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Section: Epidemic Characteristics Of Influenza Virusesmentioning

confidence: 79%

The influenza viruses in China: Pandemic and prevention measures

2023

TNS

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“…Sudden onset of fever, headache, sore throat, and a runny nose develops upon infection. Illnesses range from mild to severe and can lead to the death of infected individuals ( Ryu and Cowling, 2020 ). Patients with severe influenza showed elevated plasma NET release, measured as the level of cell-free DNA and DNA-MPO complexes ( Zhu et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Contribution Of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap To Viral Infec...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Extracellular Trap Release During Bacterial and Viral Infection

et al. 2022

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Neutrophils are innate immune cells that play an essential role during the clearance of pathogens that can release chromatin structures coated by several cytoplasmatic and granular antibacterial proteins, called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). These supra-molecular structures are produced to kill or immobilize several types of microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses. The contribution of the NET release process (or NETosis) to acute inflammation or the prevention of pathogen spreading depends on the specific microorganism involved in triggering this response. Furthermore, studies highlight the role of innate cells different from neutrophils in triggering the release of extracellular traps during bacterial infection. This review summarizes the contribution of NETs during bacterial and viral infections, explaining the molecular mechanisms involved in their formation and the relationship with different components of such pathogens.

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“…The influenza virus (IV), especially influenza A virus (IAV), poses a serious threat to global health security due to its constant antigenic drift and occasional antigenic shift. [ 1 ] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that IV causes 1 billion infections worldwide each year, among which three to five million are severe cases. [ 2 ] Vaccination is the most effective measure to prevent IV infection and its associated complications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self‐Assembled Multiepitope Nanovaccine Provides Long‐Lasting Cross‐Protection against Influenza Virus

Nie,

Wang,

et al. 2023

Adv Healthcare Materials

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Seasonal influenza vaccines typically provide strain‐specific protection and are reformulated annually, which is a complex and time‐consuming process. Multiepitope vaccines, combining multiple conserved antigenic epitopes from a pathogen, can trigger more robust, diverse, and effective immune responses, providing a potential solution. However, their practical application is hindered by low immunogenicity and short‐term effectiveness. In this study, multiple linear epitopes from the conserved stem domain of hemagglutinin and the ectodomain of matrix protein 2 are combined with the Helicobacter pylori ferritin, a stable self‐assembled nanoplatform, to develop an influenza multiepitope nanovaccine, named MHF. MHF is prokaryotically expressed in a soluble form and self‐assembles into uniform nanoparticles. The subcutaneous immunization of mice with adjuvanted MHF induces cross‐reactive neutralizing antibodies, antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity, and cellular immunity, offering complete protection against H3N2 as well as partial protection against H1N1. Importantly, the vaccine cargo delivered by ferritin triggers epitope‐specific memory B‐cell responses, with antibody level persisting for over 6 months post‐immunization. These findings indicate that self‐assembled multiepitope nanovaccines elicit potent and long‐lasting immune responses while significantly reducing the risk of vaccine escape mutants, and offer greater practicality in terms of scalable manufacturing and genetic manipulability, presenting a promising and effective strategy for future vaccine development.

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Human Influenza Epidemiology

Abstract: Transmission of an infectious disease occurs when the causative pathogen moves from an infected host to cause an infection in a new host. The rate at which transmission occurs will define the speed and impact of an epidemic, and public health measures typically aim to slow

Cited by 29 publications

References 82 publications

The influenza viruses in China: Pandemic and prevention measures

The influenza viruses in China: Pandemic and prevention measures

Role of Extracellular Trap Release During Bacterial and Viral Infection

Self‐Assembled Multiepitope Nanovaccine Provides Long‐Lasting Cross‐Protection against Influenza Virus

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