Human infection by Brucella melitensis: an outbreak attributed to contact with infected goats

Wallach, J

doi:10.1016/s0928-8244(97)00098-9

Cited by 42 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The importance of screening household members of acute brucellosis cases in endemic areas, like Saudi Arabia, has recently been emphasized: screening family members of an index case of acute brucellosis detected additional cases [4]. Humans are often the first to be reported as infected in an area into which the disease has recently been introduced and epidemic human infections by B. melitensis have developed among people frequently in contact with infected goat herds or goat manure, as recently reported in Argentina [73].…”

Section: Food-borne Occupational Exposure and Travel-healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

From the discovery of the Malta fever?s agent to the discovery of a marine mammal reservoir, brucellosis has continuously been a re-emerging zoonosis

et al. 2005

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-Brucellosis is not a sustainable disease in humans. The source of human infection always resides in domestic or wild animal reservoirs. The routes of infection are multiple: foodborne, occupational or recreational, linked to travel and even to bioterrorism. New Brucella strains or species may emerge and existing Brucella species adapt to changing social, cultural, travel and agricultural environment. Brucella melitensis is the most important zoonotic agent, followed by Brucella abortus and Brucella suis. This correlates with the fact that worldwide, the control of bovine brucellosis (due to B. abortus) has been achieved to a greater extent than the control of sheep and goat brucellosis (due to B. melitensis), these latter species being the most important domestic animals in many developing countries. The long duration and high cost of treatment of human brucellosis reduces the efficacy of the therapy. There is no human vaccine for brucellosis and the occurrence of brucellosis is directly linked to the status of animal brucellosis in a region. In this context, the Word Health Organization has defined the development of a human vaccine, besides the implementation of control and eradication programs in animals, as a high priority. The pathogenicity for humans of B. suis biovars 1, 3 and 4 is well established, whereas B. suis biovar 2 seems to be less pathogenic. Indeed, although hunters and pig farmers have repeatably experienced infectious contact with B. suis biovar 2 (found in wild boar and outdoor-rearing pigs in Europe), isolation of B. suis biovar 2 from human samples have only been seldom reported. Marine mammal brucellosis, due to two new proposed Brucella species i.e. B. cetaceae and B. pinnipediae, represents a new zoonotic threat but the pathogenicity for humans of the different Brucella species found in cetaceans and pinnipeds still has to be clearly established.Brucella / animal and human brucellosis / zoonoses / domestic and wildlife reservoir

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Section: Food-borne Occupational Exposure and Travel-healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

From the discovery of the Malta fever?s agent to the discovery of a marine mammal reservoir, brucellosis has continuously been a re-emerging zoonosis

et al. 2005

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“…The easy aerosolization and airborne transmission of Brucella species has contributed to their consideration as potential biological weapons (1) and their classification by the CDC and NIAID as category B bioterrorism agents. Outbreaks of human brucellosis due to airborne transmission have been reported in different settings, including abattoirs, vaccine production laboratories, and rural areas (3)(4)(5). Notably, aerosols have been implicated in most cases of laboratory-acquired brucellosis, which is considered the commonest laboratory-acquired infection (6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Key Role of Toll-Like Receptor 2 in the Inflammatory Response and Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Downregulation in Brucella abortus-Infected Alveolar Macrophages

et al. 2014

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c Alveolar macrophages (AM) seem to constitute the main cellular target of inhaled brucellae. Here, we show that Brucella abortus invades and replicates in murine AM without inducing cytotoxicity. B. abortus infection induced a statistically significant increase of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-␣), CXCL1 or keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC), interleukin-1␤ (IL-1␤), IL-6, and IL-12 in AM from C57BL/6 mice and BALB/c mice, but these responses were generally weaker and/or delayed compared to those elicited in peritoneal macrophages. Studies using knockout mice for TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 revealed that TNF-␣ and KC responses were mediated by TLR2 recognition. Brucella infection reduced in a multiplicity of infection-dependent manner the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules induced by gamma interferon (IFN-␥) in AM. The same phenomenon was induced by incubation with heat-killed B. abortus (HKBA) or the lipidated form of the 19-kDa outer membrane protein of Brucella (L-Omp19), and it was shown to be mediated by TLR2 recognition. In contrast, no significant downregulation of MHC-II was induced by either unlipidated Omp19 or Brucella LPS. In a functional assay, treatment of AM with either L-Omp19 or HKBA reduced the MHC-II-restricted presentation of OVA peptides to specific T cells. One week after intratracheal infection, viable B. abortus was detected in AM from both wild-type and TLR2 KO mice, but CFU counts were higher in the latter. These results suggest that B. abortus survives in AM after inhalatory infection in spite of a certain degree of immune control exerted by the TLR2-mediated inflammatory response. Both the modest nature of the latter and the modulation of MHC-II expression by the bacterium may contribute to such survival. Brucellosis is zoonotic disease caused by Brucella species, which is distributed worldwide and affects over 500,000 people annually (1) and for which there is no approved efficacious human vaccine available. Brucella melitensis, B. suis, and B. abortus are the most pathogenic species for humans and are responsible for the vast majority of human cases (2). The infection can be transmitted to humans by several ways, among which inhalation of infected aerosols is one of the most frequent. The easy aerosolization and airborne transmission of Brucella species has contributed to their consideration as potential biological weapons (1) and their classification by the CDC and NIAID as category B bioterrorism agents. Outbreaks of human brucellosis due to airborne transmission have been reported in different settings, including abattoirs, vaccine production laboratories, and rural areas (3-5). Notably, aerosols have been implicated in most cases of laboratory-acquired brucellosis, which is considered the commonest laboratory-acquired infection (6).Lung epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages (AM) are the first cells to be contacted by inhaled microorganisms. AM constitute the first line of pulmonary defense and are capable of initiating a local immune respons...

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“…Brucellosis is a disease that reaches mainly individuals who work directly in contact with animals [13][14][15]. Its incidence has been decreasing in countries that have been able to control the disease in animals.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological aspects of an infection by Brucella abortus in risk occupational groups in the microregion of Araguaína, Tocantins

et al. 2008

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The aim of this paper was to study some epidemiological aspects of the infection by Brucella abortus in risk occupational groups in the microregion of Araguaína, Tocantins. For antibody research, 645 serum samples were analyzed by the complement fixation test (CF). A 4.0% frequency was found (26/645) in patients' serum and among those 4.1% (23/551) were slaughterhouses employees and 8.1% (3/37) rural workers. Of the total positive samples, three (2.0%) were women and 23 (4.7%) men; ten (2.9%) were between the ages of 18 and 30, six (3.4%) between 31 and 40, and nine (8.0%) were above 41 years of age. Risk factors for brucellosis in the study groups were age, background (OR = 2.45; CI 95% = 0.98 to 6.10) and previous work conducted with production animals (OR 2.36; CI 95% = 0.95 to 6.02). It was concluded that the infection by Brucella abortus is found in some risk occupational groups in the microregion of Araguaína, Tocantins, and control and prophylactic measures must be implemented emphasizing risk factors identified in the study.

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Human infection by Brucella melitensis: an outbreak attributed to contact with infected goats

Cited by 42 publications

References 7 publications

From the discovery of the Malta fever?s agent to the discovery of a marine mammal reservoir, brucellosis has continuously been a re-emerging zoonosis

From the discovery of the Malta fever?s agent to the discovery of a marine mammal reservoir, brucellosis has continuously been a re-emerging zoonosis

Key Role of Toll-Like Receptor 2 in the Inflammatory Response and Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Downregulation in Brucella abortus-Infected Alveolar Macrophages

Epidemiological aspects of an infection by Brucella abortus in risk occupational groups in the microregion of Araguaína, Tocantins

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