Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long-term non-progressors: the viral, genetic and immunological basis for disease non-progression

Poropatich, Kate; Sullivan, David J.

doi:10.1099/vir.0.027102-0

Cited by 144 publications

(130 citation statements)

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“…Some of the variations observed in the innate and adaptive immune responses to HIV infection can be associated with SNPs, deletions, and other differences in immune response genes [84]. Particular HLA genotypes (e.g.…”

Section: Immunogenetic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV/AIDS: 30 Years of progress and future challenges

Killian

Levy

2011

Eur J Immunol

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Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first described 30 years ago in a report from the US Centers for Disease Control. Two years later the causative virus was identified and afterwards named the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This article reviews the progress made in the three decades since the recognition of AIDS and the discovery of HIV, with respect to the virus, the infected cell, and the host, as well as directions for future studies.

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Section: Immunogenetic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV/AIDS: 30 Years of progress and future challenges

Killian

Levy

2011

Eur J Immunol

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“…Compared with rapid progressors, LTNP's expressed high levels of IL-2, IFNɣ, IL7 and CCR7 in CD4+ T-cells (Poropatich and Sullivan, 2011;Potter et al, 2009). The long-term maintenance of immune memory in LTNP's may be due to autocrine IL-2 secretion, which maintains the self-renewal of CD4+ memory cells.…”

Section: Cd4+ Tellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is known that inhibitory receptor, highly polymorphic Killer cell Immunoglobulin like Receptors (KIRs), which bind to classical MHC class I molecules and CD94-NKG2A receptor, which in turn binds to non-classical MHC molecule HLAe are believed to play a role in this (Altfeld et al, 2011). NK cells from LTNPs are known to have abnormal phenotype compared with both HIV-1-infected viremic subjects and uninfected subjects (Poropatich and Sullivan, 2011). HIV protein Nef is known to down regulate expression of HLA-A and HLA-B, but not HLA-c or HLAe in infected cells and by doing so it prevents NK cell activation in HIV-infected subjects (Altfeld et al, 2011;Alter and Altfeld, 2008).…”

Section: Natural Killer Cells (Nk Cells)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(2) SlowProgressors (SP), who show gradual CD4+ T cell decline over 10-15 years and increasing plasma viremia and (3) Elite Controllers (EC) or Long-term non-progressors, who are infected for 20 years or more, maintain >500 CD4+ T cells per ml blood, below detectable levels of plasma viremia and remain therapy naïve for the entire duration of infection (Saksena et al, 2007;Poropatich and Sullivan, 2011) (Fig. 1).…”

Section: Transmission and Clinical Manifestation Of Hiv Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Innate immune system, which acts independent of prior encounter with a pathogen, plays a major part in clearing the virus. (Poropatich and Sullivan, 2011) The initial barriers encountered by invading HIV include the epithelial layer, vaginal pH and mucous are quite effective in thwarting HIV infection. However exposure of these barriers results in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, that recruits dendritic cells, macrophages and lymphocytes into the infection site, thereby providing target cells for the virus (Sivro et al, 2010).…”

Section: Transmission and Clinical Manifestation Of Hiv Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Innate, Adaptive and Intrinsic Immunity in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Perera

Saksena

2012

American Journal of Infectious Diseases

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The first line of defence of the innate immune system functions by recognizing highly conserved sets of molecular structures specific to the microbes, termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or PAMPs via the germ line-encoded receptors Pattern-Recognition Receptors (PRRs). In addition to the innate immune system, the vertebrates have also evolved a second line of defence termed adaptive immune system, which uses a diverse set of somatically rearranged receptors T-Cell Receptors (TCRs) and B Cell Receptors (BCRs), which have the inherent ability to effectively recognise diverse antigens. The innate and adaptive immune systems are functionally tied in with the intrinsic immunity, which comprises of endogenous antiviral factors. Thus, this effective response to diverse microbial infections, including HIV, requires a coordinated interaction at several functional levels between innate, adaptive and intrinsic immune systems. This review provides a snapshot of roles played by the innate, adaptive and the intrinsic immune systems during HIV-infection, along with discussing recent developments highlighting the genomic basis of these responses and their regulation by micro-RNA (miRNAs).

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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Smith

Dalgleish

2015

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the human immune deficiency viruses (HIV)‐1 and 2 discovered 30 years ago. AIDS is a life‐threatening disease which lacks either a cure or a protective vaccine. Yet, during the past three decades of HIV research, a great deal has been learned about HIV‐1 evolution, structure, replication cycle, pathogenicity and protection. These findings have led to the development of anti‐retroviral therapy (ART) which is capable of blocking viral replication, dramatically increasing life expectancy and preventing the progression to AIDS. However, there are significant problems associated with ART, not least the inability of ART to cure HIV infection and important questions remain regarding the mechanisms by which HIV‐1 cause's disease and the host and viral factors associated with protection. Recent research has revealed both pathogenic immune activation and viral latency as important processes established early during acute infection which drive chronic disease and prevent vaccination or cure. These insights into HIV infection are being harnessed to advance the development of immunotherapy to control the infection, identify and reactivate latently infected cells and design the new generation of vaccines needed to end the pandemic. Key Concepts HIV‐1 is the causative agent of AIDS There is a great degree of diversity between strains of HIV‐1 and between HIV and SIV Knowledge gained during the past 30 years has been essential in developing ART ART has been very successful but is associated with significant problems that need to be addressed HIV‐1 causes a multifaceted chronic activation of the immune system Vaccination against HIV‐1 has so far failed Combining different treatment arms including immunomodulation and activation of latency offers an opportunity to create a functional cure for HIV‐1

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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long-term non-progressors: the viral, genetic and immunological basis for disease non-progression

Cited by 144 publications

References 154 publications

HIV/AIDS: 30 Years of progress and future challenges

HIV/AIDS: 30 Years of progress and future challenges

Innate, Adaptive and Intrinsic Immunity in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

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