Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Uveitis

Abstract

Uveitis is one of the most common ocular complications in people living with the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and can be classified into HIV-induced uveitis, co-infection related uveitis, immune recovery uveitis, and drug-induced uveitis. The introduction of antiretroviral therapy has considerably changed the incidence, diagnosis, and treatment of different types of HIV-related uveitis. Furthermore, the specific immune condition of patients infected with HIV makes diagnosing HIV-related uveitis difficult. Recent studies have focused on the growing prevalence of syphilis/tuberculosis co-infection in uveitis. Simultaneously, more studies have demonstrated that HIV can directly contribute to the incidence of uveitis. However, the detailed mechanism has not been studied. Immune recovery uveitis is diagnosed by exclusion, and recent studies have addressed the role of biomarkers in its diagnosis. This review highlights recent updates on HIV-related uveitis. Furthermore, it aims to draw the attention of infectious disease physicians and ophthalmologists to the ocular health of patients infected with HIV.

Association between immune checkpoint inhibitor medication and uveitis: a population-based cohort study utilizing TriNetX database

“…Our study further benefited from propensity score matching, longitudinal design, and extended follow-up duration. Additionally, we enhanced the validity of our study by excluding other confounding conditions related to uveitis ( 6 , 8 , 14 , 40 – 42 )…”

“…Previous studies have established links between uveitis and certain conditions (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). To reduce confounding, our study (see Supplementary Table 2) excluded those diagnosed with: Human immunodeficiency virus (ICD-10-CM = B20, R75, Z21, B97.35), syphilis (ICD-10-CM: A51.0, A52.75, A52.7, D89.89), Sarcoidosis (ICD-10-CM: D86), autoimmune hepatitis (ICD-10-CM: K75.4), parapsoriasis (ICD-10-CM: L41), psoriasis (ICD-10-CM: L40), systemic lupus erythematosus (ICD-10-CM: M32), rheumatoid arthritis (ICD-10-CM:M05, M06), juvenile arthritis (ICD-10-CM: M08), chronic kidney disease (ICD-10-CM: N18), and Behcet's disease (ICD-10-CM: M35.2).…”

“…Our study further benefited from propensity score matching, longitudinal design, and extended follow-up duration. Additionally, we enhanced the validity of our study by excluding other confounding conditions related to uveitis (6,8,14,(40)(41)(42) Our study has several limitations that should be considered. Firstly, there is the possibility of residual confounding, including factors such as the use of bisphosphonates and protein kinase inhibitors, as well as the implications of the different cancer subtypes, such as melanoma, on our results.…”

Exploring salivary metabolome alterations in people with HIV: towards early diagnostic markers

“…Owing to compromised immunity, the control of wound infections in people living with HIV (PLWH) becomes challenging, leading to complications in wound healing and infection, which can trigger comorbidities (8). HIV infection increases the risk of numerous comorbidities and opportunistic infections, including cardiac disease (9), uveitis (10), and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) (11), thereby increasing mortality rates. Current research on HIV primarily focuses on HIV subtyping (12), disease and treatment dynamics, regional infection trends and improvement strategies (13), as well as prevention and care (14).…”

Response to Letter to editor: HIV conundrum

“…There are inherent difficulties in identifying the cause of uveitis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which are divided into four main categories: (a) HIV-induced uveitis, (b) co-infection-related uveitis, (c) immune recovery uveitis (IRU) or less frequently, and (d) drug-induced. [ 2 3 ]…”