“…43,78,122,153,171,172 Thus, when we first discovered a memory B-cell deficit in STAT3 DN HIES patients in 2010, 99 it was difficult to ascribe a non-redundant requirement for a specific STAT3-activating cytokine (or cytokines) in human memory B-cell formation and, by extension, humoral immunity. However, subsequent discoveries of individuals with germline variants in IL21R, 141,[173][174][175] IL21, 176 IL6R, 131,132 IL6ST, 129,130,137,138 IL12RB2, 177 IL23R, 177,178 IL2RB, 179,180 IFNAR1/IFNAR2, [181][182][183] IFNG, 184 and earlier findings of IEI due to mutations in IL2RG, 42 IL2RA, [185][186][187] IL7/IL7R, [188][189][190] IL10/IL10R, 191,192 IFNG/IFNGR1/IFNGR2, 193 or IL12B/ IL12RB1, 194 provided mechanistic insights into the requirements of these individual cytokines in human B-cell responses. or IFNγ/IFNγR (IFNG, IFNGR1, IFNGR2).…”