Human high intelligence is involved in spectral redshift of biophotonic activities in the brain

Abstract

Human beings hold higher intelligence than other animals on Earth; however, it is still unclear which brain properties might explain the underlying mechanisms. The brain is a major energyconsuming organ compared with other organs. Neural signal communications and information processing in neural circuits play an important role in the realization of various neural functions, whereas improvement in cognitive function is driven by the need for more effective communication that requires less energy. Combining the ultraweak biophoton imaging system (UBIS) with the biophoton spectral analysis device (BSAD), we found that glutamate-induced biophotonic activities and transmission in the brain, which has recently been demonstrated as a novel neural signal communication mechanism, present a spectral redshift from animals (in order of bullfrog, mouse, chicken, pig, and monkey) to humans, even up to a near-infrared wavelength (∼865 nm) in the human brain. This brain property may be a key biophysical basis for explaining high intelligence in humans because biophoton spectral redshift could be a more economical and effective measure of biophotonic signal communications and information processing in the human brain.intelligence | ultraweak photon emissions | biophoton imaging | glutamate | brain slices D espite remarkable advances in our understanding of brain functions, it is still unclear why human beings hold higher intelligence than other animals on Earth and which brain properties might explain the differences (1). Early studies have proposed that brain size and the degree of encephalization [encephalization quotient (EQ)] might be related to the evolution of animal intelligence, including that of human beings (2-4), but, so far, the relationship between relative brain size and intelligence is inconclusive, and EQ is also not the best predictor of intelligence (1, 5-7). Communications and information-processing capacity between neurons in neural circuits play an important role in the realization of various neural functions, such as sensorimotor control, learning and memory, consciousness, and cognition. The neural network studies have indicated that neural signal transmission and encoding is in a nonlinear network mechanism (8-10), in which biophotons, also called ultraweak photon emission (UPE), may be involved (11). A recent study has demonstrated that glutamate, the most abundant neurotransmitter in the brain, could induce biophotonic activities and transmission in neural circuits (12), suggesting that biophotons may play a key role in neural information processing and encoding and may be involved in quantum brain mechanism (11, 13-16); however, the importance of biophotons in relation to animal intelligence is not clear, in particular human high intelligence, such as problem-solving and analytical abilities. We hypothesized that the spectral redshift of biophotonic activities and transmission in the brain may play a key role. Here, we have provided experimental evidence that glutamate-induced biophotonic activities an...

Possible existence of optical communication channels in the brain

“…They are produced mostly by electronically excited molecular species in a variety of oxidative metabolic processes78 in cells. They may play a role in cell to cell communication79, and have been observed in many organisms, including humans, and in different parts of the body, including the brain101112131415. Photons in the brain could serve as ideal candidates for information transfer.…”

“…The potential role of quantum effects in biological systems is currently being investigated in several areas, including olfaction3233, avian magnetoreception3435, and photosynthesis3637. There is also growing speculation about the role of fundamental quantum features such as superposition and entanglement in certain higher level brain functions1524383940. Of particular relevance is the “binding problem” of consciousness, which questions how a single integrated experience arises from the activities of individual molecules in billions of neurons.…”

Relationship between intelligence and spectral characteristics of brain biophoton emission: Correlation does not automatically imply causation

“…NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activation by the glutamate increases NADPH oxidase activity, which is the key source of superoxide formation (O 2 ·− ) (4). We conclude that the glutamate-induced NMDAR activation and NADPH oxidase activity can lead to overproduction of ROS that causes an increase of biophoton in the brain (7), which seems at odds with the reasoning behind the claims made by Wang et al (2). Finally, protein phosphatase (PP) 2A comprises a family of serine/threonine phosphatases that play roles in cell-cycle regulation, cell morphology and development, and specific signal transduction (8).…”

“…Unfortunately, a mechanistic explanation of the correlation between intelligence and the spectral properties of biophotonic emission is not given in ref. 2, raising concerns that the observed correlation does not reflect a causal relationship but rather an accidental coincidence. Based on the reported spectral characteristics of the biophotonic emission (2) we calculated the coherence length (3), given as l c = λ 2 avg =Δλ, with Δλ = λ max − λ min in Table 1.…”

Reply to Salari et al.: Toward understanding the deep mechanisms regarding the biophotons related to human intelligence

“…We would like to thank Salari et al for their interest in our paper (1) and to give a response to their concerns on the causation of spectral redshift of biophotons related to human intelligence (2). First, it is inappropriate to consider a brain slice (or whole brain) as a single light source to calculate the coherence length because a brain slice contains different types of neurons.…”