Human heart valves: development, macro- and microscopical structure, peculiarities of blood supply (reference review)

Abstract

The heart has two similar each to other in structure inlet (atriaventricular) and two outlet (ventricularvascular) valvular apparatuses. The mitral (bicuspid) and tricuspid valves are atriaventricular heart valves. The aortic and pulmonary valves are ventricular-vascular heart valves. The valvular apparatus of the heart is the complex system, which includes: the fibrous ring, cusps, tendinous cords and papillary muscles. The last two components are characteristic for the atriaventricular valvular apparatuses and they are absent in the ventricular-vascular valvular apparatuses. The valvular apparatuses of aorta and pulmonary trunk have the fibrous rings, the wall of aorta/pulmonary trunk, semilunar cusps. The laying of the valvular apparatuses begins on early stages of embryonic development and finishes before the beginning of fetal period of the prenatal ontogenesis. The normal function of the heart and human body is dependent on the complex interaction of all components of the valvular apparatus of the heart. Many discussions of the development, structure with peculiari ties of the blood supply, the age changes remain in the fundamental investigations. The modern diagnostic and medical apparatuses, the possibilities of the modern methods of investigations require from scientists the renewal of the known facts about the valvular apparatuses of the heart. They might be useful as the theoretical and practical background which will deepen the understanding of the pathogenesis and the quality of heart diseases treatment.

Macro- And Microstructural Heart Arrangement in White Rats in Health

“…The middle layer is located between the longitudinal outer and inner muscle layers. The rat epicardium is formed by a serous membrane [6,7].…”