Human health risk assessment of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables in Nigeria

Odewale, Gideon Oluwasogo; Sosan, Mosudi Babatunde; Oyekunle, John Adekunle Oyedele; Adeleye, Adeoluwa Oluwaseyi

doi:10.1007/s11356-021-12747-7

Cited by 30 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Our ndings con rm similar ndings to other studies carried out in Poland, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia which found that many pesticides had a HQ>1 [46,65,66]. On the other hand, literature from Turkey, Poland, Ghana, China and South Korea showed no chronic health risk associated with pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables [53,54,58,60,[67][68][69][70].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

An Assessment Of Health Risks Posed By Consumption Of Pesticide Residues In Fruits And Vegetables Among Residents In The Kampala Metropolitan Area In Uganda

Ssemugabo

Bradman

Ssempebwa

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: Pesticide use for fruits and vegetable production in Uganda may result in presence of residues on produce which may pose health risks to consumers. Uganda does not have an established system for monitoring pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables and assessing potential health risks. This research aimed to conduct a health risk assessment of presence of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables in the Kampala Metropolitan Area in Uganda.Method: Pesticides were measured in 160 fruits and vegetables samples collected at farms, markets, street vendors, restaurants and homes using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fruit and vegetable consumption information was collected from 2,177 people. Pesticide concentrations were compared with European Union maximum residual limits (MRLs). Mean values of pesticide concentration residues found in the sample of fruits and vegetables; and fruits and vegetables intake and body weight were used to calculate the estimated daily intake (EDI) of pesticide residues. EDI values were compared with acceptable daily intakes (ADI) to calculate the hazard quotient by age group, and stage at which consumption happens along the chain. Results: Overall, 57 pesticides were detected in fruits and vegetables from farm to fork. Of the 57, 39 pesticides were detected in all the fruits and vegetables studied. Concentrations of fonofos, fenitrothion and fenhexamid were above the European Union MRLs in some samples. Hazard quotients based on dietary ingestion scenarios for eighteen pesticides, including dichlorvos (444) alanycarb (314), fonofos (68), fenitrothion (62), dioxacarb (55) and benfuracarb (24) and others, were above 1, indicating the possibility of chronic health risk to consumers. Chronic health risk decreased with age but was stable for stage at which consumption happens along the food chain. The number of pesticides with EDI greater than the ADI decreased with increase in age; with 18, 13, 9, 11, 8, 9, and 9 pesticides for age groups <5, 5-12, 13-19, 20-25, 36-49 and ≥50 respectively.Conclusion: Chronic dietary pesticide exposures to Ugandans are likely common, and for some pesticides result in exposure exceeding health-based benchmarks. Risks were highest for younger participants. There is an urgent need to increase monitoring and regulation of pesticides in fruits and vegetables in order to protect consumers, especially the children who are especially vulnerable to the adverse effects of pesticides.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

An Assessment Of Health Risks Posed By Consumption Of Pesticide Residues In Fruits And Vegetables Among Residents In The Kampala Metropolitan Area In Uganda

Ssemugabo

Bradman

Ssempebwa

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Adeyeye and Osibanjo [68] detected high concentrations of organochlorine residues in yam (Aldrin = ~5.0 µg/kg; Dieldrin = ~24.0 µg/kg, and pp-DDE = ~13.0 µg/kg) and cassava (Aldrin = ~6.0 µg/kg; Dieldrin = ~31.0 µg/kg, and pp-DDE = ~21.0 µg/kg), which were far above those reported in this current work. Elsewhere in Africa, low DDD pesticide concentrations have equally been reported in widely consumed food crops, for instance, maize grain (~0.120 mg/kg) reported in Rwinga, Tanzania, as well as in fruits (~0.001 mg/kg) reported in Egypt [69]. Despite this, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), such as HCB, DDD, and DichloroBiphenyl, still remain among those considered as highly persistent in the environment [7,70].…”

Section: Quantification Of Pesticide Residuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of Heavy Metals and Pesticide Residues in Widely Consumed Nigerian Food Crops Using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and Gas Chromatography (GC)

Omeje

Ezema

Okonkwo

et al. 2021

Toxins

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More still needs to be learned regards the relative contamination of heavy metals and pesticide residues, particularly those found in widely consumed Nigerian food crops like cereals, vegetables, and tubers. In this current study, the heavy metals and pesticide residues detectable in widely consumed Nigerian food crops were respectively quantified using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and gas chromatography (GC). Specifically, the widely consumed Nigerian food crops included cereals (rice, millet, and maize), legume (soybean), tubers (yam and cassava), as well as leaf (fluted pumpkin, Amaranthus leaf, waterleaf, and scent leaf) and fruit vegetables (okro, cucumber, carrot, and watermelon). Results showed that the detected heavy metals included arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), and nickel (Ni), whereas the pesticide residues included Aldrin, Carbofuran, g-chlordane, Chlorpyrifos, DichloroBiphenyl, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), Dichlorvos, Endosulfan, Heptachlor, Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), Isopropylamine, Lindane, t-nonachlor, and Profenofos. Across the studied food crops, the concentrations of heavy metals and pesticides were varied, with different trends as they largely fell below the established maximum permissible limits, and with some exceptions. Our findings suggest there could be a somewhat gradual decline in the concentration of the heavy metals and pesticide residues of these studied food crops when compared to previously published reports specific to Nigeria. To help substantiate this observation and supplement existing information, further investigations are required into the concentration of these heavy metals and pesticide residues specific to these studied food crops at other parts of the country.

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“…The most common poisoning route is oral exposure, which causes severe health problems [59][60][61][62][63]. Oral exposure to pesticides can arise when people who produce or use pesticides do not wash their hands before eating or smoking [14,64,65] and the general populace can be subjected to oral exposure when they consume food that is contaminated with pesticides [66][67][68].…”

Section: Routes Of Pesticide Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure Routes and Health Risks Associated with Pesticide Application

Tudi

et al. 2022

Toxics

116

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Pesticides play an important role in agricultural development. However, pesticide application can result in both acute and chronic human toxicities, and the adverse effects of pesticides on the environment and human health remain a serious problem. There is therefore a need to discuss the application methods for pesticides, the routes of pesticide exposure, and the health risks posed by pesticide application. The health problems related to pesticide application and exposure in developing countries are of particular concern. The purpose of this paper is to provide scientific information for policymakers in order to allow the development of proper pesticide application technics and methods to minimize pesticide exposure and the adverse health effects on both applicators and communities. Studies indicate that there are four main pesticide application methods, including hydraulic spraying, backpack spraying, basal trunk spraying, and aerial spraying. Pesticide application methods are mainly selected by considering the habits of target pests, the characteristics of target sites, and the properties of pesticides. Humans are directly exposed to pesticides in occupational, agricultural, and household activities and are indirectly exposed to pesticides via environmental media, including air, water, soil, and food. Human exposure to pesticides occurs mainly through dermal, oral, and respiratory routes. People who are directly and/or indirectly exposed to pesticides may contract acute toxicity effects and chronic diseases. Although no segment of the general population is completely protected against exposure to pesticides and their potentially serious health effects, a disproportionate burden is shouldered by people in developing countries. Both deterministic and probabilistic human health risk assessments have their advantages and disadvantages and both types of methods should be comprehensively implemented in research on exposure and human health risk assessment. Equipment for appropriate pesticide application is important for application efficiency to minimize the loss of spray solution as well as reduce pesticide residuals in the environment and adverse human health effects due to over-spraying and residues. Policymakers should implement various useful measures, such as integrated pest management (IPM) laws that prohibit the use of pesticides with high risks and the development of a national implementation plan (NIP) to reduce the adverse effects of pesticides on the environment and on human health.

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Human health risk assessment of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables in Nigeria

Cited by 30 publications

References 48 publications

An Assessment Of Health Risks Posed By Consumption Of Pesticide Residues In Fruits And Vegetables Among Residents In The Kampala Metropolitan Area In Uganda

An Assessment Of Health Risks Posed By Consumption Of Pesticide Residues In Fruits And Vegetables Among Residents In The Kampala Metropolitan Area In Uganda

Quantification of Heavy Metals and Pesticide Residues in Widely Consumed Nigerian Food Crops Using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and Gas Chromatography (GC)

Exposure Routes and Health Risks Associated with Pesticide Application

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