Human gaze is systematically offset from the center of cone topography

Reiniger, Jenny L.; Domdei, Niklas; Holz, Frank G.; Harmening, Wolf M.

doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.005

Cited by 34 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(78 reference statements)

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“…Second, the PRL tends to be displaced above the PCD in fundus coordinates. This is consistent with recently published reports ( Reiniger et al, 2021 ). Finally, subjects adopt a consistent PRL regardless of the task and its visual demand.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

“…This means that the retinal location with the PCD is sampling a part of the visual field just above the direction of gaze. This tendency has been reported previously by another group ( Reiniger et al, 2021 ), who also used an AOSLO. These displacements are very small and in our opinion, as discussed in one of our previous articles ( Wang et al, 2019 ), seem unlikely to have any functional importance.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

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Fixational eye movements in passive versus active sustained fixation tasks

et al. 2021

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Human fixational eye movements are so small and precise that high-speed, accurate tools are needed to fully reveal their properties and functional roles. Where the fixated image lands on the retina and how it moves for different levels of visually demanding tasks is the subject of the current study. An Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) was used to image, track and present a variety of fixation targets (Maltese cross, disk, concentric circles, Vernier and tumbling-E letter) to healthy subjects. During these different passive (static) or active (discriminating) tasks under natural eye motion, the landing position of the target on the retina was tracked in space and time over the retinal image directly with high spatial (<1 arcmin) and temporal (960 Hz) resolution. We computed both the eye motion and the exact trajectory of the fixated target's motion over the retina. We confirmed that compared to passive tasks, active tasks elicited a partial inhibition of microsaccades, leading to longer drift periods compensated by larger corrective saccades. Consequently, the overall fixation stability during active tasks was on average 57% larger than during passive tasks. The preferred retinal locus of fixation was the same for each task and did not coincide with the location of the peak cone density.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Fixational eye movements in passive versus active sustained fixation tasks

et al. 2021

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“…4%) sampling resolution shortfalls inconsequential, as optical blur in the eye optics reduces spatial resolution in the central fovea by up to 15% ( Marcos & Navarro, 1997 ). For an alternative hypothesis, the reader is referred to Reiniger et al (2021) , who found a consistent superior–nasal PRL displacement and suggested that the displaced PRL might confer more optimized sampling over the binocular visual field.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Considering the importance of the fovea, as well as the tradeoffs involved, it was quite surprising that Putnam, Hofer, Doble, Chen, Carroll, and Williams (2005) first discovered that the preferred retinal location (PRL) of fixation rarely coincides with the cone density peak, a finding that has been independently confirmed in more recent reports ( Li, Tiruveedhula, & Roorda, 2010 ; Reiniger, Domdei, Holz, & Harmening, 2021 ; Wang, Bensaid, Tiruveedhula, Ma, Ravikumar, & Roorda, 2019 ; Wilk, Dubis, Cooper, Summerfelt, Dubra, & Carroll, 2017 ). Whether the location of the PRL and its displacement from the cone density peak are stable or are subject to fluctuations is not currently known.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The retinal and perceived locus of fixation in the human visual system

et al. 2021

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Due to the dramatic difference in spatial resolution between the central fovea and the surrounding retinal regions, accurate fixation on important objects is critical for humans. It is known that the preferred retinal location (PRL) for fixation of healthy human observers rarely coincides with the retinal location with the highest cone density. It is not currently known, however, whether the PRL is consistent within an observer or is subject to fluctuations and, moreover, whether observers’ subjective fixation location coincides with the PRL. We studied whether the PRL changes between days. We used an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope to project a Maltese cross fixation target on an observer's retina and continuously imaged the exact retinal location of the target. We found that observers consistently use the same PRL across days, regardless of how much the PRL is displaced from the cone density peak location. We then showed observers small stimuli near the visual field location on which they fixated, and the observers judged whether or not the stimuli appeared in fixation. Observers’ precision in this task approached that of fixation itself. Observers based their judgment on both the visual scene coordinates and the retinal location of the stimuli. We conclude that the PRL in a normally functioning visual system is fixed, and observers use it as a reference point in judging stimulus locations.

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“…If image acquisition in a retinal imager is fast enough, temporally adjacent video frames can contain sufficient spatial overlap that removes the need of a common reference frame, and thus allows out-of-field tracking (Szkulmowski et al, 2020). Such an approach may offer, on the other hand, not enough spatial resolution to resolve retinal structure of interest, which may be important if gaze behavior and retinal cell topography is wished to be linked (Reiniger, Domdei, Holz & Harmening, 2021;Ratnam, Domdei, Harmening & Roorda, 2017;Harmening, Tuten, Roorda & Sincich, 2014) The system presented here offers some technical improvements to a similar split-field binocular SLO demonstrated earlier (Stevenson, Sheehy & Roorda, 2016). First, 3 x 3 degree imaging fields were used, accommodating larger eye movements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of binocular fixational eye movements including cyclotorsion with split-field binocular scanning laser ophthalmoscopy

Hofmann

Domdei

Jainta³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Fixational eye motion is a hallmark of human gaze behavior, yet little is known about how they interact between fellow eyes. Here, we designed, build and validated a split-field binocular scanning laser ophthalmoscope (bSLO) to record high-resolution eye motion traces from both eyes of six observers during fixation at different binocular vergence conditions. In addition to microsaccades and drift, torsional eye motion could be extracted, with a spatial measurement error of less than 1 arcmin. Microsaccades were strongly coupled between fellow eyes under all conditions. No monocular microsaccade occurred and no significant delay between microsaccades onset across fellow eyes could be detected. Cyclotorsion was also firmly coupled between both eyes, occurring typically in conjugacy, with gradual changes during drift and abrupt changes during saccades.

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Human gaze is systematically offset from the center of cone topography

Cited by 34 publications

References 52 publications

Fixational eye movements in passive versus active sustained fixation tasks

Fixational eye movements in passive versus active sustained fixation tasks

The retinal and perceived locus of fixation in the human visual system

Assessment of binocular fixational eye movements including cyclotorsion with split-field binocular scanning laser ophthalmoscopy

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