Human Foot-Ankle Injuries and Associated Risk Curves from Under Body
                    Blast Loading Conditions

Chirvi, Sajal; Pintar, Frank A.; Yoganandan, Narayan; Banerjee, Anjishnu; Schlick, Mike; Curry, William H.

doi:10.4271/2017-22-0006

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…This study used the force at the proximal tibia as the metric, or injury criterion, to quantify the risk of injury to the calcaneus, according to the curves by Chirvi et al (2017) developed from cadaveric experiments. Although other metrics could have been considered, such as strain in the calcaneus, the data by Chirvi et al (2017) are the most reliable to date that are specific to UBB loading.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These profiles were triangular in shape, consisting of a section in which the loading velocity increased until the peak velocity reached at the time to peak velocity and a second section in which the velocity decreased to zero with the same slope as it increased to peak velocity. The peak force at the proximal end of the tibia was the output variable of interest; this was used to calculate the risk of injury based on the injury risk curve of Chirvi et al (2017). Additionally, deformation was monitored in order to quantify the deformation pattern of the foot-and-ankle complex.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Stature and mitigation systems affect the risk of leg injury in vehicles attacked under the body by explosive devices

Rebelo

Grigoriadis²,

Carpanen³

et al. 2023

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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A finite-element (FE) model, previously validated for underbody blast (UBB) loading, was used here to study the effect of stature and of mitigation systems on injury risk to the leg. A range of potential UBB loadings was simulated. The risk of injury to the leg was calculated when no protection was present, when a combat boot (Meindl Desert Fox) was worn, and when a floor mat (IMPAXXTM), which can be laid on the floor of a vehicle, was added. The risk of injury calculated indicates that the floor mat provided a statistically significant reduction in the risk of a major calcaneal injury for peak impact speeds below 17.5 m/s when compared with the scenarios in which the floor mat was not present. The risk of injury to the leg was also calculated for a shorter and a taller stature compared to that of the nominal, 50th percentile male anthropometry; shorter and taller statures were constructed by scaling the length of the tibia of the nominal stature. The results showed that there is a higher risk of leg injury associated with the short stature compared to the nominal and tall statures, whereas the leg-injury risk between nominal and tall statures was statistically similar. These findings provide evidence that the combat boot and the floor mat tested here have an attenuating effect, albeit limited to a range of possible UBB loads. The effect of stature on injury has implications on how vehicle design caters for all potential anthropometries and indeed gender, as women, on average, are shorter than men. The results from the computational simulations here complement laboratory and field experimental models of UBB, and so they contribute to the improvement of UBB safety technology and strategy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stature and mitigation systems affect the risk of leg injury in vehicles attacked under the body by explosive devices

Rebelo

Grigoriadis²,

Carpanen³

et al. 2023

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A shift to lower peak axial forces was observed for the booted configuration. The injury-risk reduction was more significant for low severity impacts with times to peak above 5 ms. For the simulations with impact velocity velocities higher The probability was calculated using the injury-risk curve developed by Chirvi et al (2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The computational model was used to predict the proximal tibia peak force -as a metric of probability of injury -with and without a combat boot across the UBB loading range. An injury-risk curve which correlates probability of injury with peak axial proximal tibia forces (Chirvi et al, 2017) was used to determine the reduction in risk of calcaneal injury in the booted configuration. The two severity levels considered in the (Chirvi et al, 2017) study, minor and major calcaneal injury risk, follow the application of the Sanders Classification System (Sanders et al, 1993).…”

Section: Protection Offered By the Combat Boot For The Ubb Loading Rangementioning

confidence: 99%

“…An injury-risk curve which correlates probability of injury with peak axial proximal tibia forces (Chirvi et al, 2017) was used to determine the reduction in risk of calcaneal injury in the booted configuration. The two severity levels considered in the (Chirvi et al, 2017) study, minor and major calcaneal injury risk, follow the application of the Sanders Classification System (Sanders et al, 1993). This classification system categorizes fractures based on fracture displacement and fracture-line localization.…”

Section: Protection Offered By the Combat Boot For The Ubb Loading Rangementioning

confidence: 99%

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An Experimentally Validated Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb to Investigate the Efficacy of Blast Mitigation Systems

Rebelo

Grigoriadis

Carpanen

et al. 2021

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Improvised explosive devices (IEDs) used in the battlefield cause damage to vehicles and their occupants. The injury burden to the casualties is significant. The biofidelity and practicality of current methods for assessing current protection to reduce the injury severity is limited. In this study, a finite-element (FE) model of the leg was developed and validated in relevant blast-loading conditions, and then used to quantify the level of protection offered by a combat boot. An FE model of the leg of a 35 years old male cadaver was developed. The cadaveric leg was tested physically in a seated posture using a traumatic injury simulator and the results used to calibrate the FE model. The calibrated model predicted hindfoot forces that were in good correlation (using the CORrelation and Analysis or CORA tool) with data from force sensors; the average correlation and analysis rating (according to ISO18571) was 0.842. The boundary conditions of the FE model were then changed to replicate pendulum tests conducted in previous studies which impacted the leg at velocities between 4 and 6.7 m/s. The FE model results of foot compression and peak force at the proximal tibia were within the experimental corridors reported in the studies. A combat boot was then incorporated into the validated computational model. Simulations were run across a range of blast-related loading conditions. The predicted proximal tibia forces and associated risk of injury indicated that the combat boot reduced the injury severity for low severity loading cases with higher times to peak velocity. The reduction in injury risk varied between 6 and 37% for calcaneal minor injuries, and 1 and 54% for calcaneal major injuries. No injury-risk reduction was found for high severity loading cases. The validated FE model of the leg developed here was able to quantify the protection offered by a combat boot to vehicle occupants across a range of blast-related loading conditions. It can now be used as a design and as an assessment tool to quantify the level of blast protection offered by other mitigation technologies.

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An Improved Method for Developing Injury Risk Curves Using the Brier Metric Score

et al. 2020

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Human Foot-Ankle Injuries and Associated Risk Curves from Under Body Blast Loading Conditions

Cited by 12 publications

References 44 publications

Stature and mitigation systems affect the risk of leg injury in vehicles attacked under the body by explosive devices

Stature and mitigation systems affect the risk of leg injury in vehicles attacked under the body by explosive devices

An Experimentally Validated Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb to Investigate the Efficacy of Blast Mitigation Systems

An Improved Method for Developing Injury Risk Curves Using the Brier Metric Score

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