Human fetal lung changes associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy

Chen, M. F.; Kimizuka, Goro; Wang, N. S.

doi:10.1002/ppul.1950030113

Cited by 43 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…This suggests that nicotine treatment may stimulate mitogenesis in already differentiated PNEC leading to formation of NEB rather than differentiation of new PNEC. Our observation that nicotine stimulates NEB growth is consistent with studies by Chen et al (38) and Keith and Cary (39), who found increased size of NEB in both humans and rodents exposed to smoke in utero. Similarly, Cutz et al (53) has found increased GRP in NEB of infants exposed to maternal smoking.…”

Section: Figuresupporting

confidence: 82%

“…9). These findings indicate that PNEC have α7 receptors and may be the direct target of nicotine to induce the proliferative changes in PNEC and NEB that have been reported in smokers (38,39). Consistent with this, the number of cells per NEB and size of NEB increased significantly in the nicotine-exposed fetal lungs ( Table 3).…”

Section: Expression Of α7 In Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cells and Neuromentioning

confidence: 60%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Prenatal nicotine increases pulmonary α7 nicotinic receptor expression and alters fetal lung development in monkeys

Sekhon¹,

Jia²,

Raab³

et al. 1999

J. Clin. Invest.

293

244

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It is well known that smoking during pregnancy is the largest preventable cause of low birth weight, premature delivery, neonatal morbidity, and mortality (1, 2). Perhaps less well appreciated is the recent, strong evidence that smoking during pregnancy directly and adversely effects lung development, as manifested by altered pulmonary function and increased respiratory illness in children born of smoking mothers (3-6). Stoddard and Gray (7) recently estimated that annual costs of increased respiratory illness associated with maternal smoking is in excess of 660 million dollars per year. How smoking produces these effects is not fully understood. While the cause of pulmonary damage caused by maternal smoking is likely to be multifactorial, evidence presented in this paper indicates that much of the effect of maternal smoking on the lung may be mediated by the interaction of nicotine with nicotinic receptors expressed in the developing lung.Multiple studies have shown increased lower respiratory illness in infants born of mothers who smoke (3, 4). Taylor and Wadsworth (3) studied 12,743 children and found significantly increased bronchitis and hospital admissions for lower respiratory illness in children from smoking mothers. Significantly increased hospital admissions were not seen for children whose mothers smoked only after pregnancy, arguing for a prenatal effect. Tager et al. (4) similarly found increased lower respiratory illness with prenatal smoke exposure, but not with postnatal exposure. Correlating the increased respiratory illness with altered pulmonary function, Hanrahan et al. (5) examined pulmonary function of infants shortly after birth (∼4.2 weeks) as a function of smoking during pregnancy (determined both by questionnaire and by urinary cotinine) and found decreased respiratory flow rates. In a follow-up study, Tager et al. (4) showed that the decreased ventilation at functional residual capacity (VFRC) seen with prenatal smoke exposure correlated directly with increased lower respiratory illnesses. Cunningham et al. (6) performed pulmonary function tests on 8,800 nonsmoking school children 8-12 years old and similarly found reduced forced expiratory flow in children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy. Again the correlation was with prenatal, not postnatal, maternal smoking. This confirmed the earlier studies and suggested the deficit continued at least to adolescence.Animal studies on the effects of smoking or nicotine on lung development have been quite limited, and there have been no studies of potential molecular mechanisms. It is well established that maternal smoking during pregnancy is a leading preventable cause of low birth weight and prematurity. Less appreciated is that maternal smoking during pregnancy is also associated with alterations in pulmonary function at birth and greater incidence of respiratory illnesses after birth. To determine if this is the direct result of nicotine interacting with nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChRs) during lung development, rhesus monkeys w...

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Section: Figuresupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Expression Of α7 In Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cells and Neuromentioning

confidence: 60%

Prenatal nicotine increases pulmonary α7 nicotinic receptor expression and alters fetal lung development in monkeys

Sekhon¹,

Jia²,

Raab³

et al. 1999

J. Clin. Invest.

293

244

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This is also consistent with the increased levels of surfactant in amniotic fluid of pregnant smokers (67,68). Prenatal nicotine exposure also increases the numbers of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and size of neuroepithelial bodies in monkeys and rodents (56), just as smoking during pregnancy increases the size and number of neuroepithelial bodies in offspring of smokers (69,70). As for type II cells, this is consistent with expression of nAChR in pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (56,71).…”

Section: Effects Of Prenatal Nicotine Exposure On Lung Development Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Nicotine in the Effects of Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy on Lung Development and Childhood Respiratory Disease. Implications for Dangers of E-Cigarettes

Spindel

McEvoy

2016

Am J Respir Crit Care Med

134

107

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Use of e-cigarettes, especially among the young, is increasing at nearexponential rates. This is coupled with a perception that e-cigarettes are safe and with unlimited advertising geared toward vulnerable populations, the groups most likely to smoke or vape during pregnancy. There is now wide appreciation of the dangers of maternal smoking during pregnancy and the lifelong consequences this has on offspring lung function, including the increased risk of childhood wheezing and subsequent asthma. Recent evidence strongly supports that much of the effect of smoking during pregnancy on offspring lung function is mediated by nicotine, making it highly likely that e-cigarette use during pregnancy will have the same harmful effects on offspring lung function and health as do conventional cigarettes. In fact, the evidence for nicotine being the mediator of harm of conventional cigarettes may be most compelling for its effects on lung development. This raises concerns about both the combined use of e-cigarettes plus conventional cigarettes by smokers during pregnancy as well as the use of e-cigarettes by e-cigarette-only users who think them safe or by those sufficiently addicted to nicotine to not be able to quit e-cigarette usage during pregnancy. Thus, it is important for health professionals to be aware of the risks of e-cigarette usage during pregnancy, particularly as it pertains to offspring respiratory health.

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“…However, the differential effects of prenatal and postnatal tobacco smoke exposure on the respiratory health of young children have yet to be fully elucidated. Reports of stronger associations between infant respiratory illnesses and maternal smoking than with paternal smoking [2] may represent a congenital effect of tobacco metabolites on intrauterine lung or airway development [3]. Alternatively, increased contact between young children and their mothers could lead to increased exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure from this source.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre- and postnatal parental smoking and wheeze in infancy: cross cultural differences

Henderson

Sherriff²,

Northstone³

et al. 2001

Eur Respir J

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In longitudinal cohort studies, the relationships between prenatal and postnatal tobacco smoke exposure and infant wheezing illnesses were compared in two geographically defined populations in Avon, UK and Brno and Znojmo in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic.Pregnant females living in defined regions and with expected dates of delivery between defined dates were recruited. Females completed self-report questionnaires during pregnancy and when their infant was 6 months old. For this analysis, responses to questions about smoking during pregnancy, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and reported wheezing illnesses of infants at 6 months after birth were used. Odds ratios for wheeze in relation to the smoking variables were calculated with adjustment for potential confounding effects.The prevalence of smoking during pregnancy was higher in Avon (17.5%) than the Czech Republic (7.1%). Exposure of infants to ETS during the first 6 months after birth was also reported to be higher in Avon (35.5%) than the Czech Republic (9.7%). The prevalence of reported wheezing by 6 months of age was 21.4% in Avon and 10.3% in Brno and Znojmo. In Avon, there was a significant relationship between infant wheeze and maternal smoking during pregnancy (odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 1.30 (1.09-1.56), p=0.004) but not with environmental exposure after birth (1.11 (0.98-1.25)). In contrast, in Brno and Znojmo in the Czech Republic, there was a significant relationship between infant wheeze and ETS exposure (1.66 (1.17-2.36), p=0.04) but not with maternal smoking during pregnancy (0.99 (0.64-1.55)).This study demonstrated an apparent difference in the associations between prenatal and postnatal tobacco smoke exposure and infant wheezing illnesses in two populations with different smoking prevalence. The relationships were independent of a number of potential confounding variables that have been associated with infant wheezing. Possible explanations of these observations include dose-related effects of prenatal and postnatal tobacco smoke exposure of infants.

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Human fetal lung changes associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy

Cited by 43 publications

References 28 publications

Prenatal nicotine increases pulmonary α7 nicotinic receptor expression and alters fetal lung development in monkeys

Prenatal nicotine increases pulmonary α7 nicotinic receptor expression and alters fetal lung development in monkeys

The Role of Nicotine in the Effects of Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy on Lung Development and Childhood Respiratory Disease. Implications for Dangers of E-Cigarettes

Pre- and postnatal parental smoking and wheeze in infancy: cross cultural differences

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