Human face‐only immersion in cold water reduces maximal apnoeic times and stimulates ventilation

Jay, Ollie; Christensen, Julia P. H.; White, Matthew D.

doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2006.035261

Cited by 25 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…This suggests that the extent of the chronotropic response to apnoea may not be aVected by facial receptor stimulation in cool water. In fact face immersion ampliWes the HR decrease only when water is at 10°C or below (Jay et al 2007). On the other side, the Wnding of no reduction in SV is consistent with recent observations during immersed apnoea just below the surface (Marabotti et al 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Face immersion in cold water enhances the cardiac and vascular responses to breath-holding (Andersson et al 2000), but the eVect is slight at water temperature above 20°C (Jay et al 2007). The decrease in HR during breathholding is similar to that observed in air when the subject is fully immersed at neutral water temperature, but much larger when water temperature is lower than neutral (Moore et al 1972;Sterba and Lundgren 1985;Lemaitre et al 2005;Hansel et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Cardiovascular time courses during prolonged immersed static apnoea

et al. 2010

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To define the dynamics of cardiovascular adjustments to apnoea during immersion, beat-to-beat heart rate (HR) and systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were recorded in six divers during and after prolonged apnoeas while resting fully immersed in 27 degrees C water. Apnoeas lasted 215 +/- 35 s. Compared to control values, HR decreased by 20 beats min(-1) and SBP and DBP increased by 23 and 17 mmHg, respectively, in the initial 20 +/- 3 s (phase I). Both HR and BP remained stable during the following 92 +/- 15 s (phase II). Subsequently, during the final 103 +/- 29 s, SBP and DBP increased linearly to values about 60% higher than control, whereas HR remained unchanged (phase III). Cardiac output (Q') decreased by 35% in phase I and did not further change in phases II and III. Compared to control, total peripheral resistances were twice and three times higher than control, respectively, at the end of phases I and III. After resumption of breathing, HR and BP returned to control values in 5 and 30 s, respectively. The time courses of cardiovascular adjustments to immersed breath-holding indicated that cardiac response took place only at the beginning of apnoea. In contrast, vascular responses showed two distinct adjustments. This pattern suggests that the chronotropic control via the baroreflex is modified during apnoea. These cardiovascular changes during immersed static apnoea are in agreement with those already reported for static dry apnoeas.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Cardiovascular time courses during prolonged immersed static apnoea

et al. 2010

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“…CVC, cutaneous vascular conductance. each of these cited studies had fundamental limitations, such as not maintaining mean skin temperature at a constant level (28), performing apnea during exercise (2), not allowing values to return to baseline (1), and the use of plethysmographic methods (33). In the present study, we determined the reflex cutaneous vascular responses to MVEEA (i.e., a nonthermal stimulus) under rigorously controlled laboratory conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in forearm vasoconstrictor response to voluntary apnea

Patel

Heffernan

Ross

et al. 2014

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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Clinical evidence indicates that obstructive sleep apnea is more common and more severe in men compared with women. Sex differences in the vasoconstrictor response to hypoxemia-induced sympathetic activation might contribute to this clinical observation. In the current laboratory study, we determined sex differences in the acute physiological responses to maximal voluntary end-expiratory apnea (MVEEA) during wakefulness in healthy young men and women (26 ± 1 yr) as well as healthy older men and women (64 ± 2 yr). Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), brachial artery blood flow velocity (BBFV, Doppler ultrasound), and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC, laser Doppler flowmetry) were measured, and changes in physiological parameters from baseline were compared between groups. The breath-hold duration and oxygen-saturation nadir were similar between groups. In response to MVEEA, young women had significantly less forearm vasoconstriction compared with young men (ΔBBFV: 2 ± 7 vs. -25 ± 6% and ΔCVC: -5 ± 4 vs. -31 ± 4%), whereas ΔMAP (12 ± 2 vs. 16 ± 3 mmHg) and ΔHR (4 ± 2 vs. 6 ± 3 bpm) were comparable between groups. The attenuated forearm vasoconstriction in young women was not observed in postmenopausal women (ΔBBFV -21 ± 5%). We concluded that young women have blunted forearm vasoconstriction in response to MVEEA compared with young men, and this effect is not evident in older postmenopausal women. These data suggest that female sex hormones dampen neurogenic vasoconstriction in response to apnea-induced hypoxemia.

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“…Moreover, the reduced stimulation of facial receptor during submersion (subjects were wearing a diving mask), the small difference between air and water temperatures, and the relatively comfortable water temperature, not far from thermoneutrality, may also contribute to explaining this observation, since both diving-induced bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction are marked in cold water (1,23,26). On the other hand, full body immersion in colder water can elicit sympathetic activation, potentially affecting cardiovascular response to immersion and diving (18). Thus body immersion, breath holding, and elicitation of diving reflex seem to have, per se, a relatively minor role in humans compared with the effect of diving at depth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac changes induced by immersion and breath-hold diving in humans

Marabotti¹,

Scalzini²,

Cialoni³

et al. 2009

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Marabotti C, Scalzini A, Cialoni D, Passera M, L'Abbate A, Bedini R. Cardiac changes induced by immersion and breath-hold diving in humans. J Appl Physiol 106: 293-297, 2009. First published May 8, 2008 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00126.2008.-To evaluate the separate cardiovascular response to body immersion and increased environmental pressure during diving, 12 healthy male subjects (mean age 35.2 Ϯ 6.5 yr) underwent two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography in five different conditions: out of water (basal); head-out immersion while breathing (condition A); fully immersed at the surface while breathing (condition B) and breath holding (condition C); and breath-hold diving at 5-m depth (condition D). Heart rate, left ventricular volumes, stroke volume, and cardiac output were obtained by underwater echocardiography. Early (E) and late (A) transmitral flow velocities, their ratio (E/A), and deceleration time of E (DTE) were also obtained from pulsed-wave Doppler, as left ventricular diastolic function indexes. The experimental protocol induced significant reductions in left ventricular volumes, left ventricular stroke volume (P Ͻ 0.05), cardiac output (P Ͻ 0.001), and heart rate (P Ͻ 0.05). A significant increase in E peak (P Ͻ 0.01) and E/A (P Ͻ 0.01) and a significant reduction of DTE (P Ͻ 0.01) were also observed. Changes occurring during diving (condition D) accounted for most of the changes observed in the experimental series. In particular, cardiac output at condition D was significantly lower compared with each of the other experimental conditions, E/A was significantly higher during condition D than in conditions A and C. Finally, DTE was significantly shorter at condition D than in basal and condition C. This study confirms a reduction of cardiac output in diving humans. Since most of the changes were observed during diving, the increased environmental pressure seems responsible for this hemodynamic rearrangement. Left ventricular diastolic function changes suggest a constrictive effect on the heart, possibly accounting for cardiac output reduction. diving response; hemodynamics PREVIOUS STUDIES ON NATURAL divers (mainly marine mammals) showed that breath-hold diving is associated with energy-saving cardiovascular changes, i.e., a marked reduction in cardiac output [due to the reduction of both stroke volume and heart rate (HR)] and the redistribution of blood flow away from skin and myoglobin-rich muscles in favor of brain and heart (7,28,30). For years, however, technical difficulties have prevented a comprehensive assessment of cardiovascular changes during breath-hold diving in humans. Most of the knowledge on human diving physiology has been obtained from the study of head-out immersed subjects (9, 27), or extrapolated from the results obtained in breath-holding subjects, either with or without face immersion (2, 8, 10). The recent wide diffusion of recreational and competitive breath-hold diving (with a progressive increase of attained depths) highlighted the presence of serious divingrelated patholo...

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Human face‐only immersion in cold water reduces maximal apnoeic times and stimulates ventilation

Cited by 25 publications

References 25 publications

Cardiovascular time courses during prolonged immersed static apnoea

Cardiovascular time courses during prolonged immersed static apnoea

Sex differences in forearm vasoconstrictor response to voluntary apnea

Cardiac changes induced by immersion and breath-hold diving in humans

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