Human exposure to organochlorine pesticides in vegetables from major cities in south-south Nigeria

Review of scientific literature on available methods of assessing organochlorine pesticides in the environment

“…OF COMPOUNDs LOD LOQ RECOVERY RSD INSTRUMENT/INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONS/TOTAL RUN TIME REFERENCE Vegetables 11 0.07–0.18 76.21–93.51 4.76–11.1 GC-ECD: “Splitless, the initial temperature at 100 °C for 1 min, ramping to 190 °C at 12 °C/min, and held for 8 min, followed by continuous ramping to 250 °C at 3 °C/min, and held for 10 min” [ 290 ] Vegetable 10 0.0011 to 0.021 0.0013–0.034 95–110 HPLC: “40 % A at 70.1–75.0 min and 7 % A at 75.1–90.1 min. The column temperature was maintained at 30 °C” [ 291 ] Vegetables 20 0.01–0.08 0.03–0.24 88.6–102 <6 GC-MSD: “Splitless, Initial oven temperature was 150 °C, increase to 280 °C at 6 °C/min and final temperature was 300 °C” [ 292 ] Leafy vegetable(spinach, lettuce, oilseed rape, cabbage 8 0.15–0.32 0.45–0.96 78.6–107.7 1.1–7.5 GC-MS: “Splitless, the oven temperature program was set as follows: 50 °C as initial temperature, maintained for 1 min, raised to 200 °C at 20 °C/min, raised to 230 °C at 5 °C/min, and maintained for 5 min, raised to 280 °C at 10 °C/min, and held for 1 min. The total run time was 25.5 min” [ 293 ] Vegetable 15 20–4500 60–120 0.2–19.8 GC-ECD: “Splitless, the oven temperature was kept at 90 °C for 1.0 min and then programmed at 3.5 °C min-1 to 170 °C followed by a final ramp to 280 °C at 5.0 °C min- 1 ” [ 294 ] Vegetable oils …”

Genetic correlation and Mendelian randomization analyses support causal relationships between dietary habits and age at menarche

“…The consumption of phytoestrogen-containing vegetables, such as soy and soy products, may promote puberty onset by performing estrogen-like biological functions 61 , 62 . The intake of vegetables, especially raw vegetables, may increase the risk of pesticide exposure 63 , 64 , and the effects on puberty timing as a type of EED have been extensively studied 65 , 66 .…”