Human exposure to carbon monoxide from mobile sources

Flachsbart, Peter G.

doi:10.1016/s1465-9972(99)00030-6

Cited by 52 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…8 Flachsbart reviewed CO exposure trends throughout the United States and other nations to assist in the development of the CO Criteria Document. 11 Flachsbart's findings are consistent with the EPA assessment.…”

Section: Concentration Trendssupporting

confidence: 60%

A Reevaluation of Carbon Monoxide: Past Trends, Future Concentrations, and Implications for Conformity “;Hot-Spot” Policies

Eisinger

Dougherty

Chang

et al. 2002

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Control of CO is one of the great air-quality management success stories of the past 20 years. This paper evaluates whether past progress will continue into the future and whether changes in microscale CO concentrations are comparable to reductions observed at the regional scale. Neighborhood and microscale CO concentrations were evaluated at six northern and southern California monitoring sites. The study also included a review of CO emission, concentration, and exposure trends and on-road motor vehicle-based CO emission control programs for California and the United States. Consistent with California and national trends, CO concentrations declined at each of the six study locations from 1988 through 1998. Microscale concentrations declined at the same rate as did neighborhood-scale concentrations. Rollback analyses demonstrated that microscale concentrations will continue to decline through at least 2010-2020. Within a few years, microscale violations of the CO National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) will be unlikely in California except under extraordinary circumstances.

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Section: Concentration Trendssupporting

confidence: 60%

A Reevaluation of Carbon Monoxide: Past Trends, Future Concentrations, and Implications for Conformity “;Hot-Spot” Policies

Eisinger

Dougherty

Chang

et al. 2002

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…3 presents the average diurnal breathing rate profile for this investigation. To our knowledge, there are only two extant estimates for this diurnal profile (Mortola, 2004(Mortola, , 2006 b Based on Flachsbart (1995Flachsbart ( , 1999, Rodes et al (1998), andMarshall et al (2003). ''Tri(2,4,6)'' indicates a triangular probability distribution; the lowest value of the distribution is 2; the most common value is 4; the maximum value is 6. c Penetration efficiency, P, is based on Ozkaynak et al (1996) and Riley et al (2002).…”

Section: Inhalation Intake Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…e Based on CARB (2004), Flachsbart (1995Flachsbart ( , 1999, Rodes et al (1998), andMarshall et al (2003). f Based on Chan et al (1991).…”

Section: Inhalation Intake Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhalation intake of ambient air pollution in California's South Coast Air Basin

Marshall

Granvold

Hoats

et al. 2006

Atmospheric Environment

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Reliable estimates of inhalation intake of air pollution and its distribution among a specified population are important for environmental epidemiology, health risk assessment, urban planning, and environmental policy. We computed distributional characteristics of the inhalation intake of five pollutants for a group of $25,000 people ($29,000 persondays) living in California's South Coast Air Basin. Our approach incorporates four main inputs: temporally resolved information about people's location (latitude and longitude), microenvironment, and activity level; temporally and spatially explicit model determinations of ambient concentrations; stochastically determined microenvironmental adjustment factors relating the exposure concentration to the ambient concentration; and, age-, gender-, and activityspecific breathing rates. Our study is restricted to pollutants of outdoor origin, i.e. it does not incorporate intake in a microenvironment from direct emissions into that microenvironment. Median estimated inhalation intake rates (mg d À1 ) are 53 for benzene, 5.1 for 1,3-butadiene, 8.7 Â 10 À4 for hexavalent chromium in fine particulate matter (Cr-PM 2.5 ), 30 for diesel fine particulate matter (DPM 2.5 ), and 68 for ozone. For the four primary pollutants studied, estimated median intake rates are higher for non-whites and for individuals in low-income households than for the population as a whole. For ozone, a secondary pollutant, the reverse is true. Accounting for microenvironmental adjustment factors, population mobility and temporal correlations between pollutant concentrations and breathing rates affects the estimated inhalation intake by 40% on average. The approach presented here could be extended to quantify the impact on intakes and intake distributions of proposed changes in emissions, air quality, and urban infrastructure. r

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“…Our review of twenty-five reports and journal articles on concentrations of motor vehicle pollutants inside motor vehicles indicates a high degree of variability. In-vehicle concentrations depend on many factors, including meteorological conditions, traffic density and speed, and emission rates from neighboring cars (Alm et al, 1999;Chan et al, 1991a;Chan et al, 1991b;Conceicao et al, 1997;EPA, 1998;EPA, 2001a;Fernandez-Bremauntz and Ashmore, 1995a;Fernandez-Bremauntz and Ashmore, 1995b;Flachsbart, 1995;Flachsbart, 1999a;Flachsbart, 1999b;Jo and Park, 1998;Jo and Park 1999;Johnson, 1995;Koushki et al, 1992;Lawryk et al, 1995;Macintosh et al, 1995;McCurdy, 1995;Park et al, 1998;Rhodes et al, 1998;Wallace, 1990;Wallace, 1991;Wallace, 1996;Weinhold, 2001;Weisel et al, 1992). Several of these studies report both in-vehicle and ambient concentrations.…”

Section: In and Near Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several of these studies report both in-vehicle and ambient concentrations. Across many cities and over several years of data with differing levels of ambient air pollution, typical in-vehicle CO and benzene concentrations are roughly four times greater than ambient concentrations (Flachsbart, 1995;Flachsbart, 1999b;Rhodes et al, 1998;Wallace, 1996), leading us to adopt γ µ = 4 for the in-and near-vehicle microenvironment.…”

Section: In and Near Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intake fraction of primary pollutants: motor vehicle emissions in the South Coast Air Basin

Marshall

Riley

McKone

et al. 2003

Atmospheric Environment

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The intake fraction is defined for a specific species and emission source as the ratio of attributable population intake to total emissions. Focusing on California's South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) as a case study, we combine ambient monitoring data with time-activity patterns to estimate the population intake of carbon monoxide and benzene emitted from motor vehicles during 1996 -1999. In addition to exposures to ambient concentrations, three microenvironments are considered in which the exposure concentration of motor vehicle emissions is higher than in ambient air: in and near vehicles, inside a building that is near a freeway, and inside a residence with an attached garage. Incorporating data on motor vehicle emissions estimated by the EMFAC2000 model, we estimate that the 15 million people in the Submitted to Atmospheric Environment January 27, 2003 2 SoCAB inhale 0.003 -0.009% (34 -85 per million with a best estimate of 47 per million) of primary, nonreactive compounds emitted into the basin by motor vehicles. This population intake of primary motor vehicle emissions is approximately 50% higher than the average ambient concentration times the average breathing rate, owing to higher concentrations in the three microenvironments and also to the temporal and spatial correlation among breathing rates, concentrations, and population densities. The approach demonstrated here can inform policy decisions requiring a metric of population exposure to airborne pollutants.

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Human exposure to carbon monoxide from mobile sources

Cited by 52 publications

References 69 publications

A Reevaluation of Carbon Monoxide: Past Trends, Future Concentrations, and Implications for Conformity “;Hot-Spot” Policies

A Reevaluation of Carbon Monoxide: Past Trends, Future Concentrations, and Implications for Conformity “;Hot-Spot” Policies

Inhalation intake of ambient air pollution in California's South Coast Air Basin

Intake fraction of primary pollutants: motor vehicle emissions in the South Coast Air Basin

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