Human exposure, hazard and risk of alternative plasticizers to phthalate esters

Bui, Thuy T.; Giovanoulis, Georgios; Cousins, Anna Palm; Magnér, Jörgen; Cousins, Ian T.; Wit, Cynthia A. de

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.036

Cited by 329 publications

(249 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…For calculation of algae growth rate and algae biomass growth, the following equations (1) and (2) were used: Table 1. Chemical structures and boiling points of alternative plasticizers [10,25]. The calculations and statistical analysis were performed using commercial software ToxRat Professional.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmentally friendly paint and varnish additives based on isobutyrate aldehyde condensation products

Guziałowska-Tic

Tic

2017

E3S Web Conf.

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Abstract:The demand for exploitation of new plasticizers and coalescents to be used for production of water dispersion adhesives based on poli(vinyl acetate), turned to be recently of particular significance because the use of all kind of toxic phthalates was banned and certain restrictions were made to use glycol derivatives classified as volatile organic compounds. An alternative for toxic plasticizers used for production of adhesives is hydroxyester (HE-1) obtained from isobutanal during the process of aldol condensation under subsequent Cannizaro and Tischenko reactions. The paper presents selected results of ecotoxicological tests on the environmental impact of hydroxyester HE-1. It was found that the substance is biodegradable and has no negative impact on algae growth rate, however it may inhibit algae biomass growth. The results of Daphnia immobilization test shows that the substance is safe for the aquatic environment. Whereas, at higher concentrations, hydroxyester HE-1 may exhibit acute toxicity to rainbow trout.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The literature describes many examples of environmentally friendly plasticizers that can serve as an alternative for toxic ones [7][8][9][10][11]. The available literature focuses on the plasticization properties of these additive, however, there is not much data on their physicochemical, toxicological and ecotoxicological properties [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmentally friendly paint and varnish additives based on isobutyrate aldehyde condensation products

Guziałowska-Tic

Tic

2017

E3S Web Conf.

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“…Based on animal tests, it was found that the lowmolecular phthalates are toxic, therefore, they may not be used for manufacturing toys, articles for children, cosmetics, and medical devices [6]. The adverse effect of phthalates on human health has been confirmed in a number of other research reports [2,7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health-risk assessment based on an additive to paints made from isobutyric aldehyde condensation products

Tic

2017

E3S Web Conf.

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Abstract. Solvents are primarily used for making protective coatings. Considering their chemical nature, there are a great variety of coatings, including those based on liquid hydrocarbons and organic chloroderivatives. These products are a serious load to the environment because of their physicochemical properties, therefore, they have for some time been replaced with more-environmentally friendly, new generation products. One of them is the hydroxyester HE-1: made from isobutyric aldehyde condensation products, it is an alternative to those coalescents for paints and varnishes which are intended to be replaced or their use restricted. The results of selected toxicological tests relating to the human health risk effect of the hydroxyester HE-1 -environmentally-friendly additive to paints and varnishes are presented. The test results indicate that HE-1 causes skin irritation in rabbit only when used at its maximum concentrations. No lesions in the cornea or iris were observed in any of the test rabbits after the application of the hydroxyester HE-1. In the mutagenic effect test of HE-1 on the bacteria Salmonella typhimurium, the result was negative. Based on the test results, it was found that the hydroxyester HE-1 may only have a human health risk effect when used at its maximum concentrations.

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“…Traditionally, plasticizers are low molecular weight monomers incorporated within networks to improve the flexibility of the final network by obstructing secondary bonding between the polymer chains and altering the free volume within the polymer, thereby reducing the bulk glass transition temperature (T g ) [Carbonell-Verdu et al, 2016; Rahman and Brazel 2004]. Recently, the toxicity of commonly used plasticizers such as phthalates has raised environmental and health concerns due to their propensity to leach out into the immediate environment [Bui et al, 2016; Tuzum Demir and Ulutan 2013; Jobling et al, 1995]. Phthalates are found in high concentrations in biomaterials such as blood bags (30–50%), dialysis tubing (80%) dental adhesives and soft- denture linings (47%) and has been linked to a litany of health disorders including reproductive toxicity, genital disorders and toxicity during of fetal development [Parks et al, 2000; Jobling et al, 1995; Shea 2003; Heudorf et al, 2007].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thiol-functionalized nanogels as reactive plasticizers for crosslinked polymer networks

Saraswathy

Stansbury

Nair

2017

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

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Significant efforts have been expended to mitigate plasticizer migration from crosslinked methacrylic and poly(vinyl chloride) polymer networks by synthesizing reactive plasticizers that can blend homogenously within the networks to reduce polymer property change, acute toxicity and downstream environmental effects of plasticizer migration with limited and varying amount of success. We hypothesized that appropriate thiol-functionalized nanogels synthesized using the same monomers as the parent network to generate highly compact, crosslinked structures will form thermally stable, homogenous networks and perform as optimal reactive plasticizers. Nanogels were synthesized via a thiol-Michael addition solution polymerization and incorporated at different mass ratios within a polyethylene glycol 400 urethane dimethacrylic monomer to form photo-crosslinked networks. While maintaining the inherent hydrolytic stability, thermal stability and biocompatibility of the parent matrix at ~ 99 % acrylic group conversion, the PEG400 urethane dimethacrylic -nanogel networks retained optical clarity with > 90 % visible light transmission at 20 wt % nanogel loading. The addition of the nanogels also enhanced the elongation of the parent matrix by up to 320 %, while a 37 °C reduction in glass transition temperature (ΔTg) and ≥ 50 % reduction in modulus was observed. A 52 % reduction in the shrinkage stress of the material was also noted. The results indicate that the application of thiol-functionalized nanogels as plasticizers to alter the bulk properties of the parent matrix while mitigating plasticizer migration by covalently crosslinking the nanogels within the polymer matrix provides a simple yet efficient technique to generate network-specific plasticizers with the ability to alter targeted properties within polymers.

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Human exposure, hazard and risk of alternative plasticizers to phthalate esters

Cited by 329 publications

References 92 publications

Environmentally friendly paint and varnish additives based on isobutyrate aldehyde condensation products

Environmentally friendly paint and varnish additives based on isobutyrate aldehyde condensation products

Health-risk assessment based on an additive to paints made from isobutyric aldehyde condensation products

Thiol-functionalized nanogels as reactive plasticizers for crosslinked polymer networks

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