Human endothelial cells form an endothelium in freestanding collagen hollow filaments fabricated by direct extrusion printing

Hollow Filaments from Coaxial Dry–Jet Wet Spinning of a Cellulose Solution in an Ionic Liquid: Wet-Strength and Water Interactions

“…Moreover, membrane production industries generate wastewater, and recycling is difficult and not economical. , To tackle this impact and introduce the possibility of establishing an environmentally sound option, green solvents and renewable natural resources are suggested as attractive precursors to fabricate HF with low operational impact. ,, In this context, cellulose, a naturally occurring polymer, is positioned as a suitable alternative to petroleum-based resources, providing the opportunity for advancing material development due to its high biocompatibility, thermal and chemical stability, and biodegradability . High interest exists on the need for developing a durable cellulose HF capable of performing under harsh conditions (high moisture and temperatures), e.g., to remedy the structural instability and fragility commonly associated with their biobased counterparts …”

“…7 High interest exists on the need for developing a durable cellulose HF capable of performing under harsh conditions (high moisture and temperatures), e.g., to remedy the structural instability and fragility commonly associated with their biobased counterparts. 4 It is noteworthy that the pursuit of environmentally sustainable HF extends beyond the selection of raw material precursors. This necessitates a comprehensive consideration of technical, economic, and environmental aspects, particularly in terms of the fabrication techniques employed.…”

“…Within the realm of membrane technology, hollow filaments (HF) have emerged as an appealing configuration due to their self-supporting properties and high surface-area-to-volume ratio . These characteristics make HF well-suited for various applications, ranging from filtration and cell culturing to tissue and scaffold engineering. − Unfortunately, current commercial HF systems are typically produced from oil-based sources, such as poly­(vinylidene fluoride), polyacrylonitrile, polysulfone, poly­(ether sulfone), and poly­(tetrafluoroethylene), which rely heavily on toxic solvents such as N -methylpyrrolidone, N , N -dimethylacetamide, and N , N -dimethylformamide . Moreover, membrane production industries generate wastewater, and recycling is difficult and not economical. , To tackle this impact and introduce the possibility of establishing an environmentally sound option, green solvents and renewable natural resources are suggested as attractive precursors to fabricate HF with low operational impact. ,, In this context, cellulose, a naturally occurring polymer, is positioned as a suitable alternative to petroleum-based resources, providing the opportunity for advancing material development due to its high biocompatibility, thermal and chemical stability, and biodegradability .…”

“… 7 High interest exists on the need for developing a durable cellulose HF capable of performing under harsh conditions (high moisture and temperatures), e.g., to remedy the structural instability and fragility commonly associated with their biobased counterparts. 4 …”