Human development: from conception to maturity

Abstract

The main objective of this review was to describe and emphasize the care that a woman must have in the period prior to pregnancy, as well as throughout pregnancy and after the birth of the baby, cares and duties that should continue to be followed by mother and child throughout the first years of the child's life. Such cares are of nutritional, behavioral and lifestyle natures, and also involve the father and the whole family. Human development, from conception to maturity, consists of a critical and important period due to the multitude of intrinsic genetic and environmental factors that influence, positively or negatively, the person's entire life. The human being, who originated and passed his/her first phase of development in the womb, receives influence from different factors: a) of parental origin (father and mother), including health and lifestyle of the father and mother, genetic inheritance, nutrition of the mother prior to and during pregnancy; b) events that affected the mother and hence the child under development in intrauterine life, at birth (delivery), during perinatal period, and throughout the early years of life. The fragility of development continues throughout the preschool, school and adolescent periods during which proper nutrition with a balanced lifestyle is essential and depends on guidance from the parents, caregivers and teachers. Keywords: Human development; Nutrition; Health care; Genetic inheritance. ResumoO principal objetivo desta revisão é descrever -além de enfatizar -o cuidado que a mulher deve ter no período anterior à gravidez, bem como durante toda a gravidez e após o nascimento do bebê. Tais cuidados e deveres devem permanecer com a mãe e a criança nos primeiros anos de vida. Estes cuidados são de natureza nutricional, comportamental e de estilo de vida, e também envolvem o pai e toda a família. O desenvolvimento humano, desde a concepção até a maturidade, consiste em um período crítico e importante devido à multiplicidade de fatores genéticos e ambientais intrínsecos, que influenciam, positiva ou negativamente, a vida da pessoa em toda a sua longevidade. O ser humano, que é originário e tem sua primeira fase de desenvolvimento no útero, recebe influência de diferentes fatores: a) origem parental (pai e mãe), incluindo saúde e estilo de vida do pai e da mãe, herança genética, nutrição da mãe antes e durante a gravidez; b) eventos que podem ocorrer com a mãe e que afetam a criança em desenvolvimento na vida intrauterina, no parto (nascimento), no período perinatal e nos primeiros anos de vida. A fragilidade no desenvolvimento continua nos períodos pré-escolar, escolar e de adolescência, nos quais uma nutrição adequada, com um estilo de vida equilibrado, é essencial e dependente da orientação dos pais, cuidadores e professores.

Gut-Brain Axis in the Early Postnatal Years of Life: A Developmental Perspective

“…The GI tract also undergoes profound growth, morphological changes, and functional maturation, including the establishment of a stable GI microbiota (Xu, 1996;Koenig et al, 2011). Other systems, such as the immune, nervous, skeletal, and circulatory systems, also continue to develop in the early postnatal years of life (Sgarbieri and Pacheco, 2017).…”

Socializing the Importance of Early Childhood Stimulation

“…Dalam perkembangan individu, prinsip-prinsip perkembangan dikenal sebagai berikut: a) Perkembangan berlangsung seumur hidup dan mencakup semua aspek; b) Setiap anak memiliki tempo dan kualitas perkembangan yang berbeda; c) Relatif, perkembangan teratur mengikuti pola tertentu; d) Perkembangan berlangsung secara bertahap; e) Perkembangan berlangsung dari kemampuan umum ke khusus. Prinsip ini dapat dijelaskan dengan contoh berikut: sampai usia dua tahun, anak fokus pada mengenal lingkungannya, menguasai gerakan fisik dan belajar berbicara pada usia tiga hingga enam tahun, perkembangan berpusat pada menjadi manusia sosial (belajar bergaul dengan orang lain) (Ambara, 2014;Duvall, 1988;Sgarbieri & Pacheco, 2017).…”

Progenitor with cardiometabolic disorders increases food intake, systemic inflammation and gut microbiota alterations in the second-generation offspring

“…19,21,22 However, there is no doubt from the data in the literature that the unbalanced diet consumed by the progenitor can compromise the health of their offspring. 23,24 Given the facts above, we hypothesized that the MetS phenotype inherited from the progenitor (G 0 H) that consumed the H diet, only during mating, pregnancy and breastfeeding, could be transferred to the second generation (F 2 -G 0 H) involving dysbiosis. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate whether the MetS phenotype present in the progenitor that consumed the H diet (G 0 H) could induce changes in food intake, cardiometabolic functions, intestinal and white adipose tissue and in gut microbiota in the F 2 -G 0 H fed with only the control diet (C).…”