Human Cytomegalovirus and Autoimmune Diseases: Where Are We?

Gugliesi, Francesca; Pasquero, Selina; Griffante, Gloria; Scutera, Sara; Albano, Camilla; Pacheco, Sergio Fernando Castillo; Riva, Giuseppe; Dell’Oste, Valentina; Biolatti, Matteo

doi:10.3390/v13020260

Cited by 52 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 269 publications

(331 reference statements)

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“…The hypothesised role of viral infections in the initiation of IA and the progression to T1D is supported by a large body of epidemiological and animal model-based evidence [ 43 , 44 ]. Multiple viruses have been associated with IA/T1D to date, including enterovirus (EV) [ 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ], rotavirus [ 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ], cytomegalovirus [ 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 ], Epstein-Barr virus [ 63 , 69 , 70 ], parechovirus [ 71 , 72 , 73 ], influenza [ 74 , 75 , 76 ], parvovirus [ 77 , 78 ], mumps [ 79 , 80 , 81 ], rubella [ 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 ] and human endogenous retrovirus [ 86 , ...…”

Section: Environmental Triggersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viruses and Type 1 Diabetes: From Enteroviruses to the Virome

et al. 2021

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For over a century, viruses have left a long trail of evidence implicating them as frequent suspects in the development of type 1 diabetes. Through vigorous interrogation of viral infections in individuals with islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes using serological and molecular virus detection methods, as well as mechanistic studies of virus-infected human pancreatic β-cells, the prime suspects have been narrowed down to predominantly human enteroviruses. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of evidence supporting the hypothesised role of enteroviruses in the development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. We also discuss concerns over the historical focus and investigation bias toward enteroviruses and summarise current unbiased efforts aimed at characterising the complete population of viruses (the “virome”) contributing early in life to the development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. Finally, we review the range of vaccine and antiviral drug candidates currently being evaluated in clinical trials for the prevention and potential treatment of type 1 diabetes.

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Section: Environmental Triggersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viruses and Type 1 Diabetes: From Enteroviruses to the Virome

et al. 2021

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“…In addition to the induction of HLH in individuals with HLH-associated genetic defects, active and latent CMV infection induces sustained systemic inflammatory responses and immune dysregulation and predisposes patients to the development of autoimmune phenomena [ 29 ]. CMV also causes further immunosuppression associated with T cell exhaustion, contributing to the persistence of infection [ 30 ].…”

Section: Clinical CMVmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytomegalovirus Infections in Children with Primary and Secondary Immune Deficiencies

Bateman

Kesson

Powys

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a human herpes virus that causes significant morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed children. CMV primary infection causes a clinically mild disease in healthy children, usually in early childhood; the virus then utilises several mechanisms to establish host latency, which allows for periodic reactivation, particularly when the host is immunocompromised. It is this reactivation that is responsible for the significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised children. We review CMV infection in the primary immunodeficient host, including early identification of these infants by newborn screening to allow for CMV infection prevention strategies. Furthermore, clinical CMV is discussed in the context of children treated with secondary immunodeficiency, particularly paediatric cancer patients and children undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Treatments for CMV are highlighted and include CMV immunotherapy.

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“…A possible role of HCMV in the etiopathogenesis of SSc has been postulated on the basis of several evidences [5,7,8,[35][36][37][38][39][40].…”

Section: Human Cytomegalovirus (Hcmv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the knowledge of complex diseases: Environmental infectious/toxic agents as potential etiopathogenetic factors of systemic sclerosis

Ferri

Arcangeletti

Caselli

et al. 2021

Journal of Autoimmunity

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Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease secondary to three cardinal pathological features: immunesystem alterations, diffuse microangiopathy, and fibrosis involving the skin and internal organs. The etiology of SSc remains quite obscure; it may encompass multiple host genetic and environmental -infectious/chemicalfactors.The present review focused on the potential role of environmental agents in the etiopathogenesis of SSc based on epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory investigations previously published in the world literature.Among infectious agents, some viruses that may persist and reactivate in infected individuals, namely human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), and parvovirus B19 (B19V), and retroviruses have been proposed as potential causative agents of SSc. These viruses share a number of biological activities and consequent pathological alterations, such as endothelial dysfunction and/or fibroblast activation.Moreover, the acute worsening of pre-existing interstitial lung involvement observed in SSc patients with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection might suggest a potential role of this virus in the overall disease outcome.A variety of chemical/occupational agents might be regarded as putative etiological factors of SSc. In this setting, the SSc complicating silica dust exposure represents one of the most promising models of study. Considering the complexity of SSc pathogenesis, none of suggested causative factors may explain the appearance of the whole SSc; it is likely that the disease is the result of a multifactorial and multistep pathogenetic process. A variable combination of potential etiological factors may modulate the appearance of different clinical phenotypes detectable in individual scleroderma patients.The in-deep investigations on the SSc etiopathogenesis may provide useful insights in the broad field of human diseases characterized by diffuse microangiopathy or altered fibrogenesis.

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Human Cytomegalovirus and Autoimmune Diseases: Where Are We?

Cited by 52 publications

References 269 publications

Viruses and Type 1 Diabetes: From Enteroviruses to the Virome

Viruses and Type 1 Diabetes: From Enteroviruses to the Virome

Cytomegalovirus Infections in Children with Primary and Secondary Immune Deficiencies

Insights into the knowledge of complex diseases: Environmental infectious/toxic agents as potential etiopathogenetic factors of systemic sclerosis

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