Human Corticosteroid Binding Globulin

Brien, T. G.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1981.tb00616.x

Cited by 181 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 91 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…Pregnancy also can affect CBG. In humans, CBG capacity approximately triples as estrogen levels rise (Brien 1981, Hammond & Lahteenmaki 1983. However, the effect is not seen in rhesus macaques or baboons, where CBG capacity increases in the first half of pregnancy, but then declines during the second half (Oakey 1975, Stanczyk et al 1986.…”

Section: Cbg Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results are a resounding 'it depends.' Hormonal manipulations have a wide variety of effects: estrogen and thyroid hormones can increase CBG capacity (Gala & Westphal 1965, Spangler et al 1969, Feldman et al 1979, Brien 1981, D'agostino & Henning 1982, Stanczyk et al 1986), but effects are dependent on sex and developmental stage; testosterone can increase or decrease CBG capacity, depending on the species (Gala & Westphal 1965, Assenmacher et al 1975, Klukowski et al 1997, Deviche et al 2001; growth hormone can increase or decrease CBG capacity, depending on whether it is given tonically or cyclically (Jansson et al 1989); interleukin-6 decreases CBG capacity (Tsigos et al 1998); and altering CORT levels (through implant, injection or adrenalectomy) can increase or decrease CBG capacity, depending on the species or developmental stage (Feldman et al 1979, Vallette et al 1982, Cohen et al 1990, Zao et al 1997.…”

Section: Androgen Binding Globulin?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plasma binding proteins as mediators of corticosteroid action in vertebrates

Breuner

Orchinik

2002

Journal of Endocrinology

418

247

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Stressors elicit a complex but variable suite of endocrine events. Comparative studies of the stress response have focused primarily on the adrenocortical response to stress, in particular the measurement of plasma levels of glucocorticoids. However, a number of other factors contribute to and modify cellular and organismal responses to glucocorticoids. Notably, plasma corticosteroid binding globulins (CBGs) can regulate the general availability of steroid to tissues, and/or direct the delivery of hormones to specific sites. In this paper, we discuss possible functions of CBG and mechanisms of CBG action, review CBG characteristics among vertebrates, and discuss our recent studies indicating that CBG may indeed modulate responses to stressors. For example, in house sparrows, we found that basal and stress-induced concentrations of total corticosteroid (cortisol or corticosterone) (CORT) vary seasonally, but CBG concentrations change proportionally, so that free CORT concentrations appear static yearround. In contrast, in white-crowned sparrows and tree lizards, CBG concentrations change under conditions when total CORT levels do not, resulting in significant changes in circulating free CORT. These differences in free CORT are masked if CBG is not accounted for. We have also found that the binding properties of CBG vary considerably between species and need to be determined empirically. Such studies led to the observation that CBG in several species may also serve as a functional androgen binding protein; this is especially important for birds, because previous studies had concluded that birds lack androgen binding globulins. We propose that consideration of CBG is paramount to understanding the role of glucocorticoids in mediating behavioral and physiological responses to stress.

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Section: Cbg Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Androgen Binding Globulin?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma binding proteins as mediators of corticosteroid action in vertebrates

Breuner

Orchinik

2002

Journal of Endocrinology

418

247

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“…[44] The concentration-dependent binding of prednisolone to the plasma proteins (i.e., transcortin and albumin) results in the dose-dependent nonlinear pharmacokinetics observed for prednisolone. [11], [50], [51] Transcortin has high affinity and low capacity binding sites while albumin has low affinity and a high capacity for binding prednisolone. The fraction bound is not constant and decreases in a nonlinear fashion with increasing concentrations: at low concentrations protein binding appears to be quite high (80%-90%), but declines at higher prednisolone levels to 60%-70%.…”

Section: Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fraction bound is not constant and decreases in a nonlinear fashion with increasing concentrations: at low concentrations protein binding appears to be quite high (80%-90%), but declines at higher prednisolone levels to 60%-70%. [33], [44], [49], [50], [52] For plasma concentrations of up to 400 ng/mL an approximate linear function of fraction bound can be assumed, which switches over to a constant (lower) relation above 600 ng/mL, [44] reflecting the saturable binding of prednisolone to transcortin. Binding of prednisolone to plasma protein is independent of the route of administration.…”

Section: Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biowaiver Monographs for Immediate Release Solid OralDosage Forms: Prednisolone

Vogt

Derendorf

Krämer³

et al. 2007

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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A project of the International Pharmaceutical Federation FIP, Groupe BCS, www.fip.org. This article reflects the scientific opinion of the authors and not the policies of regulating agencies. AbstractLiterature data relevant to the decision to allow a waiver of in vivo bioequivalence (BE) testing for the approval of immediate release (IR) solid oral dosage forms containing prednisolone are reviewed. Data on its solubility, oral absorption, and permeability are not totally conclusive, but strongly suggest a BCS Class 1 classification. Prednisolone's therapeutic indications and therapeutic index, pharmacokinetics, and the possibility of excipient interactions were also taken into consideration. Available evidence indicates that a biowaiver for IR solid oral dosage forms formulated with the excipients tabulated in this article would be unlikely to expose patients to undue risks.

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“…Cortisol is commonly reported both as total cortisol and free cortisol. It is known that cortisol exists in plasma in three forms, 80-90% bound with high affinity to CBG, about 10-14 % associated with albumin and about 6-10% in unbound form as free cortisol [8,9,10,12,23,26,34,39,42]and it is suggested that only the free cortisol is biological active [8,10,12,36,42].There are several techniques for measurements and calculations of free cortisol but many of them are not suitable for routine laboratory use [5,11,12,15,17,43]. In this study we used a modified model (cortisol/CBG ratio) of the Free Cortisol Index [5].In our study we found no seasonal variations in the calculated cortisol-to-CBG ratio neither in OC users nor in non-users.…”

Section: Limitations and Methodological Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiology of Blood Components in Wound Healing: an Appreciation of Cellular Co-Operativity in Platelet Rich Plasma Action

Parrish¹

2017

JESO

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Open Access Research Articletraining sessions and periods, [19,30,31]and the time needed for recovery is considered to be much longer compared to OR [22]. Because of both gradual onset of OR and gradual transition from OR to OTS, it is important to detect symptoms at an early stage [30].No single, specific, and reliable biological parameter to diagnose OR and OTS at an early stage has been found, and there has been only little improvement in recent years in developing tools suitable for diagnostics [1,22,30,45]. Hence, physicians and trainers are looking for new ways to diagnose and monitor athletes that may be at risk [1,28].The resting cortisol level has been suggested to play an interesting role in detecting OR and OTS since it is thought to indicate stress [19,31]. However, levels of resting cortisol has been both increased, decreased and unchanged in over trained athletes, and the research has mainly been performed on male athletes [3,18,25,32,33,44,46].Female athletes have become a common part of the sports environment [21]and since most research has been performed on male athletes, studies on female athletes are warranted. Oral Contraceptive (OC) use is prevalent in female athletes [21,41] and the impact of OC use and non-use on cortisol levels in female athletes are not well studied. Hence the influence of both the exogenous and the endogenous hormonal profiles on athletic performance should be investigated [41]. An administration of estrogen, as in women with OC use, can cause increase in total plasma cortisol [8,10], and in free cortisol [39]. Coolens et al. [12] showed elevated cortisol levels in estrogen treated women, but unbound cortisol levels were similar to the control group. Since estrogen could influence cortisol levels, studies on female athletes should include both OC users and nonusers. Moreover, since seasonal periodicity in various endocrine functions can occur [24,37] it seems crucial to determine if this may effect cortisol levels differently in OC users and non-users. As the role of cortisol in indicating stress is multifaceted and complex there is a need to investigate both seasonal variation and impact of oral contraceptive use on cortisol levels to evaluate if cortisol could be used to diagnose and monitor female athletes that may be at risk to develop OR and OTS. AbstractWhen athletes optimize their physical performance, an imbalance could occur between the strain of training, time for recovery and the athlete's individual tolerance of stress that could lead to overreaching and overtraining syndrome. Cortisol has been suggested to be a biological, diagnostic marker to detect overreaching and overtraining syndrome, since it is thought to indicate stress. This study aimed to provide normative data on cortisol levels, hence investigate seasonality and impact of oral contraceptive use to elucidate if cortisol could be used as a diagnostic marker to detect overreaching and overtraining syndrome in female athletes. The women, divided in two groups, oral contraceptive users (n = 15) and ...

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Human Corticosteroid Binding Globulin

Cited by 181 publications

References 91 publications

Plasma binding proteins as mediators of corticosteroid action in vertebrates

Plasma binding proteins as mediators of corticosteroid action in vertebrates

Biowaiver Monographs for Immediate Release Solid OralDosage Forms: Prednisolone

Physiology of Blood Components in Wound Healing: an Appreciation of Cellular Co-Operativity in Platelet Rich Plasma Action

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