Human Cortical Regions Involved in Extracting Depth from Motion

Orban, Guy A.; Sunaert, Stefan; Todd, James T.; Hecke, Paul Van; Marchal, Guy

doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)81040-5

Cited by 166 publications

(155 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…In line with earlier reports (4)(5)(6)13), area MT/V5 was activated more by 3D than by 2D moving random-line displays. In addition, the area in the fundus of the superior temporal sulcus (FST) also exhibited significant 3D-SFM sensitivity (Fig.…”

supporting

confidence: 92%

“…Because neurons in the middle temporal area (MT/V5) are sensitive for speed gradients that reflect planes tilted in depth (4, see also 5), this area might play a crucial role in the extraction of depth from motion. Supporting evidence has been gleaned from a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study showing 3D-SFM sensitivity in the human MT/V5 complex (hMT/V5ϩ) (6 ). These human fMRI results raise a first question: To what extent can they be generalized to the primate visual system?…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, in humans, the intraparietal lobe separates area 7 from areas 39 and 40, which have no clear counterpart in monkeys (7 ). Therefore, our second goal was to determine whether monkey intraparietal cortex is as important for motion-dependent depth processing as implied by human imaging (6 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Extracting 3D from Motion: Differences in Human and Monkey Intraparietal Cortex

Vanduffel

Fize

Peuskens

et al. 2002

Science

307

277

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We compared three-dimensional structure-from-motion (3D-SFM) processing in awake monkeys and humans using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Occipital and midlevel extrastriate visual areas showed similar activation by 3D-SFM stimuli in both species. In contrast, intraparietal areas showed significant 3D-SFM activation in humans but not in monkeys. This suggests that human intraparietal cortex contains visuospatial processing areas that are not present in monkeys.To reconstruct the third dimension from a two-dimensional (2D) retinal image, our brain uses binocular as well as monocular cues such as shading, texture, and occlusion. Both humans and monkeys are also able to extract the 3D structure of an object from motion parallax cues that activate occipitoparietal areas in both species (1-3). Because neurons in the middle temporal area (MT/V5) are sensitive for speed gradients that reflect planes tilted in depth (4, see also 5), this area might play a crucial role in the extraction of depth from motion. Supporting evidence has been gleaned from a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study showing 3D-SFM sensitivity in the human MT/V5 complex (hMT/V5ϩ) (6 ). These human fMRI results raise a first question: To what extent can they be generalized to the primate visual system? Furthermore, anatomical evidence suggests that there might be functional differences between human and monkey intraparietal cortex: The intraparietal sulcus separates area 5 from area 7 in the monkey, whereas in humans these two areas belong to the superior parietal lobe. In addition, in humans, the intraparietal lobe separates area 7 from areas 39 and 40, which have no clear counterpart in monkeys (7 ). Therefore, our second goal was to determine whether monkey intraparietal cortex is as important for motion-dependent depth processing as implied by human imaging (6 ).To address these issues, we turned to recently developed fMRI techniques (8) in awake (9-12) rather than anesthetized (13-14 ) monkeys. By performing human fMRI with virtually identical experimental procedures as in the awake monkey fMRI experiments, reliable interspecies comparisons could be made.The stimuli were displays of nine randomly connected lines, rotating in depth, that created a clear 3D percept (movie S1). Control stimuli consisted of the same displays that were either static or moving in one plane. We controlled for potential attentional differences between the 3D and 2D conditions by using a 1-back task in humans, as well as a demanding high-acuity fixation task (8, 9) in both species.In line with earlier reports (4-6, 13), area MT/V5 was activated more by 3D than by 2D moving random-line displays. In addition, the area in the fundus of the superior temporal sulcus (FST) also exhibited significant 3D-SFM sensitivity (Fig. 1A). Figure 2A shows the (3D -2D) pattern of activation for a single human subject, and the average activation for a group of eight subjects is shown in Fig. 2B. These results are similar to those obtained in an earlier study in which so...

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confidence: 92%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extracting 3D from Motion: Differences in Human and Monkey Intraparietal Cortex

Vanduffel

Fize

Peuskens

et al. 2002

Science

307

277

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“…I n the human brain, multiple motion-sensitive areas have been recognized (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11), and it is important to understand their respective functions. One question is where overlapping, moving contours are parsed into different objects or integrated into single moving objects, respectively.…”

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confidence: 99%

Activity patterns in human motion-sensitive areas depend on the interpretation of global motion

Castelo‐Branco

Formisano

Backes

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

111

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Numerous imaging studies have contributed to the localization of motion-sensitive areas in the human brain. It is, however, still unclear how these areas contribute to global motion perception. Here, we investigate with functional MRI whether the motionsensitive area hMT ؉ ͞V5 is involved in perceptual segmentation and integration of motion signals. Stimuli were overlapping moving gratings that can be perceived either as two independently moving, transparent surfaces or as a single surface moving in an intermediate direction. We examined whether motion-sensitive area hMT ؉ ͞V5 is involved in mediating the switches between the two percepts. The data show differential activation of hMT ؉ ͞V5 with perceptual switches, suggesting that these are associated with a reconfiguration of cell assemblies in this area.

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“…Models that assume that this principle is used by the visual system to extract depth from relative velocities will be called motion perspective models. Psychophysical (16)(17)(18) and physiological (19)(20)(21)(22) evidence for relative velocity detectors suggests that they could play an intermediate role in computing 3D shape, and electrophysiological studies have implicated the middle temporal (MT) cortical area, which contains such neurons, as having a significant role in computing 3D structure from motion (23)(24)(25)(26)(27). This approach has been shown to be in general agreement with human perception of rigid objects (3,28,29) but has not been tested on nonrigid motion.…”

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confidence: 99%

Discerning nonrigid 3D shapes from motion cues

Jain

Zaidi²

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Many organisms and objects deform nonrigidly when moving, requiring perceivers to separate shape changes from object motions. Surprisingly, the abilities of observers to correctly infer nonrigid volumetric shapes from motion cues have not been measured, and structure from motion models predominantly use variants of rigidity assumptions. We show that observers are equally sensitive at discriminating cross-sections of flexing and rigid cylinders based on motion cues, when the cylinders are rotated simultaneously around the vertical and depth axes. A computational model based on motion perspective (i.e., assuming perceived depth is inversely proportional to local velocity) predicted the psychometric curves better than shape from motion factorization models using shape or trajectory basis functions. Asymmetric percepts of symmetric cylinders, arising because of asymmetric velocity profiles, provided additional evidence for the dominant role of relative velocity in shape perception. Finally, we show that inexperienced observers are generally incapable of using motion cues to detect inflation/deflation of rigid and flexing cylinders, but this handicap can be overcome with practice for both nonrigid and rigid shapes. The empirical and computational results of this study argue against the use of rigidity assumptions in extracting 3D shape from motion and for the primacy of motion deformations computed from motion shears.optic-flow | structure-from-motion

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Human Cortical Regions Involved in Extracting Depth from Motion

Cited by 166 publications

References 47 publications

Extracting 3D from Motion: Differences in Human and Monkey Intraparietal Cortex

Extracting 3D from Motion: Differences in Human and Monkey Intraparietal Cortex

Activity patterns in human motion-sensitive areas depend on the interpretation of global motion

Discerning nonrigid 3D shapes from motion cues

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