Human coronaviruses: Clinical features and phylogenetic analysis

Abstract

Keywords: human betacoronavirus 2c EMC2012 human coronavirus phylogenetic tree severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) a b s t r a c t Strains of human coronavirus (HCoV), namely HCoV-OC43, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1, primarily infect the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts and are the most common cause of non-rhinovirus-induced common cold in humans. Although the manifestations of coronavirus infection (i.e., rhinorrhea, sneezing, cough, nasal obstruction, and bronchitis) are generally self-limiting in healthy adults, certain strains such as HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 can cause severe lower respiratory tract infection and febrile seizure, especially in infants, people of advanced age, and immunocompromised hosts. In 2003, a novel HCoV strain was identified as the causative agent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic that began in Asia in 2002. The strain has hence been referred to as SARS-CoV. In addition, as recently as September 2012, another novel HCoV, human betacoronavirus 2c EMC2012, was identified as being the cause of fever, renal failure, pneumonia, and severe respiratory distress in two patients in the Middle East.Phylogenetic analysis has revealed highly conserved sequences of ORF1ab, spike, nucleocapsid, and envelope protein genes, but not membrane protein genes, between human betacoronavirus 2c EMC2012 and SARS-CoV. This review focuses on the differences in the genomes of certain HCoV strains, the pathogenesis of said strains, and recent developments in the establishment of therapeutic agents that might aid in the treatment of patients with such infections.

Viral etiologies and epidemiology of patients with acute respiratory infections based on sentinel hospitals in Gansu Province, Northwest China, 2011‐2015

“…Published reports state that RSV was a well‐known cause of pneumonia in children younger than 5 years and elderly, but less common cause in adults, although few study examined RSV as an important etiology due to Community‐Acquired Pneumonia in this age group . In contrast with previous study that hCoV primarily infect upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract, the result of our study that hCoV could be detected in 9.0% of all bronchitis may in part reflect it was also an important etiology for lower respiratory tract infections.…”

Antiviral activity of Sambucus FormosanaNakai ethanol extract and related phenolic acid constituents against human coronavirus NL63

“…Human coronavirus (HCoV) NL63, the member of the genus alphacoronavirus in the Coronaviridae family, is one of common human coronaviruses (Li and Lin, 2013;Huang et al, 2017). HCoV-NL63 genome is a positive-strand RNA with near 27.5 kb nucleotides containing 5′ untranslated regions (UTR), ORF1a/b, spike(S), ORF3, envelope(E), membrane(M), nucleoprotein (N), and 3′UTR (Geng et al, 2012).…”

SARS coronavirus papain-like protease up-regulates the collagen expression through non-Samd TGF-β1 signaling

“…Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus (CoV), a member of betacoronoviruses in the Coronaviridae family, is identified as the causative agent for the outbreak of SARS in Asia and other countries in [2002][2003]. Like other human coronaviruses (HCoVs) HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, and MERS-CoV (Li and Lin, 2013;Huang et al, 2015), SARS-CoV genome is an approximately 30 kb positive-strand RNA consisting of a 5′ cap, a 3′ poly (A) tract, and 14 open reading frames (ORFs). The largest ORFs ORF1a and ORF1ab encode for the polyprotein replicases 1a and 1ab mainly involving in the SARS-CoV replication, as cleaved in cis and in trans by ORF1a-encoded papain-like protease (PLpro) and 3C-like protease (3CLpro).…”