Human Coronavirus Infections in Rural Thailand: A Comprehensive Study Using Real‐Time Reverse‐Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays

Abstract

HCoV infections were infrequently detected in rural Thailand by use of sensitive real-time RT-PCR assays. We found no association between HCoV infection and illness. However, we noted year-to-year variation in the prevalence of HCoV strains, which likely influenced our results.

Detection of the Human Coronavirus 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 between 2010 and 2013 in Yamagata, Japan

“…Four HCoVs (HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1) are associated with a wide range of respiratory illness, including common colds, and with high morbidity outcomes, such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis (1)(2)(3). These four HCoVs are found globally, although the frequency of detection of these HCoVs varies with geographical location (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). Poor growth and a lack of cytopathic effects on cell cultures have been major deterrents to HCoV research in the past (1).…”

Bacterial and viral etiology in hospitalized community acquired pneumonia with molecular methods and clinical evaluation

“…The role of bocavirus as a true pathogen remains controversial and most studies have focused on young children and infants, yet at much lower positive rates older people are also susceptible to infection [25]. Likewise, in some studies there has been no correlation between coronavirus NL63/HKU1 and the disease whereas in other coronavirus OC43 has been detected as a cause for pneumonia at a rate of 2% [26][27][28]. Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently reported agent in studies using nucleic acid tests.…”

An Outbreak of Human Coronavirus OC43 during the 2014–2015 Influenza Season in Yamagata, Japan

“…While HCoVs are associated with respiratory symptoms ranging from mild upper respiratory tract infections to severe lower respiratory tract infections including pneumonia and bronchiolitis (1,2), previous HCoV research has been hampered by a lack of observable cytopathic effects and poor growth in cell cultures. However, increasingly sensitive detection methods, such as reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays, can now identify previously undetected cases (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11).…”

“…Each 10 mL reaction mixture contained primers, probes, nucleasefree water, and 1 mL of cDNA. The primer and prove sequences are shown in Table 1 and were used as described elsewhere (4,5). Fluorogenic dyes were modified for the multiplex real-time RT-PCR for each of the 4 HCoVs (Table 1).…”