Human conjunctival mast cells: Distribution of MCT and MCTC in vernal conjunctivitis and giant papillary conjunctivitis

Irani, Anne Marie; Butrus, Salim I.; Tabbara, Khalid F.; Schwartz, Lawrence B.

doi:10.1016/s0091-6749(05)80120-4

Cited by 157 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…A similar appearance has been noted in the tight-skin mouse model of human scleroderma (18), and in conjunctival biopsies of subjects with vernal conjunctivitis (27). Although this appearance has been postulated to represent anaphylactic degranulation, it may also represent a cytotoxic event.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Mast cell changes in scleroderma

Irani

Gruber

Kaufman

et al. 1992

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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Objective. To analyze the concentration and distribution of the MCT (tryptase-positive, chymasenegative) and MC,, (tryptase-positive, chymasepositive) types of mast cell in cutaneous lesions of scleroderma.Methods. Biopsy specimens were obtained from skin lesions in 24 patients with scleroderma, and subjected to double immunohistochemical analysis using mouse monoclonal anti-tryptase and anti-chymase antibodies.Results. Dermal mast cell concentrations were below the normal range in 12 of the specimens, most of which were obtained between 1 and 4 years after disease onset. All other specimens contained normal concentrations of mast cells. MCT cells were present in 12 specimens and comprised between 8% and 100% of the total mast cells. Extracellular tissue deposits of tryptasepositive andor chymase-positive granular material were Two types of human mast cells have been recognized, based on their differential content of neutral proteases (1,2). The MCT cell contains tryptase (mean 10 pg/cell) but little, if any, chymase (CO.04 pg/cell); the MCTc cell contains both tryptase (mean 35 pg/cell) and chymase (mean 4.5 pg/cell). In addition, a cathepsin G-like proteinase and carboxypeptidase have recently been shown to be present in MCTc cells, but not MCT cells (3,4). Ultrastructural differences between these two types of mast cells have been described (5,6), and indirect evidence suggests that T lymphocyte factors are involved in the normal differentiation of MCT, but not MCTc, cells (7). In normal adult human tissues, MCTc cells predominate in the skin and the gastrointestinal submucosa, while MCT cells are the predominant type of mast cell in the gastrointestinal mucosa and alveolar walls of the lung (8).Mast cell activation is central to the pathogenesis of immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions. In addition, evidence for involvement of mast cells in fibrotic disorders is emerging, based on reports of increased numbers of mast cells in the skin during the active or inflammatory phase of scleroderma (9-1 l), in fibrotic lung disorders (12-14), and in keloids (15,16).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Mast cell changes in scleroderma

Irani

Gruber

Kaufman

et al. 1992

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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“…If this is the case, a possibility that the repeated pollen challenge might increase a different type of mast cell at the local site is suggested, as has been demonstrated in clinical chronic conjunctivitis. 22) In addition, mast cell mediators other than histamine such as tryptase and/or chymase might be released from newly recruited mast cells leading to vascular changes and stimulation of the sensory nerve endings at the chronic stage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Cedar Pollen Challenge Diminishes Involvement of Histamine in Allergic Conjunctivitis of Guinea Pigs

Fukushima

Nabe

Mizutani

et al. 2003

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Allergic conjunctivitis is one of the typical atopic diseases. Recently, a number of patients in Japan have been suffering from Japanese cedar pollinosis with symptoms that include allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis. The prevalence of allergic conjunctivitis is estimated to occur in approximately 20% of the general Japanese population. The ocular allergy is characterized by severe itching, hyperemia and edema. Medical therapy consists of topical applications of antihistamines with or without vasoconstrictors, mast cell stabilizers, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and glucocorticoids. 1)Among these treatments, antihistamine is one of the most common medications for allergic conjunctivitis. 1) However, Howarth 2) has suggested that antihistamines do not fully modify the disease since histamine is not the only contributor to symptom generation in allergic conjunctivitis. Despite the existence of a histamine-independent mechanism, in the majority of experimental allergic conjunctivitis models, antihistamines are significantly effective in the reduction of symptoms. [3][4][5] Most experimental ocular allergy animal models have been developed by actively sensitizing guinea pigs with an intraperitoneal injection of a non-airborne antigen such as ovalbumin 6) and dinitrophenylated lysine 7) mixed with an adjuvant or by passively sensitizing animals with antisera, 8,9) which is followed by the subsequent single conjunctival challenge with a solution of the specific antigen. These models are considerably different from the clinical situation because the antigen challenges are not performed chronically. To address this situation, we have developed a guinea pig model of allergic conjunctivitis in which sensitized animals are repeatedly challenged by the dropping of a Japanese cedar pollen suspension in the eye.10) We previously reported that the multiple challenge approach aggravates the disease in proportion to the number of challenges.10) In the present study, we evaluated whether involvement of histamine in the induction of symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis is altered by the multiple pollen challenges in the model. In addition, in order to know a part of mechanisms underlying the histamine-independent allergic conjunctivitis, we determined whether the symptoms mediated by nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. MATERIALS AND METHODSAnimals Male, 3-week-old, Hartley guinea pigs weighing 250-300 g were purchased from Japan SLC, Hamamatsu, Japan. The animals were housed in an air-conditioned room at a temperature of 23Ϯ1°C and 60Ϯ10% humidity with a controlled 12 h light/dark cycle, and fed a standard laboratory diet with water given ad libitum. The first sensitization was started 1-2 weeks after the purchase. The Experimental Animal Research Committee at Kyoto Pharmaceutical University approved this animal study.Materials The following reagents were obtained from the indicated commercial sources: mepyramine maleate and L-arginine hydrochloride (Sigma Chem., St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.); N w -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) ...

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“…Morphologically, VKC is characterized by Charcot-Leyden crystals within the secretions, corneal shield ulcers and transient conjunctival or limbal yellow-white ÔTantras-HornerÕ dots (15). In the conjunctiva, an infiltration consisting of mast cells, eosinophils, macrophages, basophils and lymphocytes can be found (16). The disease may progress to a superficial keratitis and then after degeneration of the epithelial layer into a shield ulcer.…”

Section: Pathophysiology Of Ocular Allergiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal models of allergic and inflammatory conjunctivitis

Groneberg

Bielory

Fischer

et al. 2003

Allergy

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Numerous recent reports have demonstrated an increase in the prevalence and incidence of allergic conditions during the past years which affect approximately 25% of the general population (1) and about US$ 6 billion alone are estimated as direct costs of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (2). Whereas a large amount of studies have focused on the pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis and asthma over the past years, ocular allergies are less well studied. However, allergic diseases affecting the eye are very common (3) and pediatric studies have shown that within distinct cohorts, up to 32% of allergic children have an ocular allergy as the primary manifestation of allergy (4). Allergic eye diseases such as allergic conjunctivitis commonly present with the symptoms of itchy, watery, red, sore and swollen eyes, but not pain (5).In contrast to the large amount of experimental studies on allergic asthma and the detailed knowledge that exists on mediators of allergic airway inflammation (6-8), there are few experimental studies using models of allergic eye diseases. Detailed reviews to assess the pathophysiology and immunology of ocular allergies have been limited. This review hopefully fills this void to provide the clinical and translational researcher in the area of ocular allergy. Pathophysiology of ocular allergiesBefore characterizing the different animal models of ocular allergy which have been established so far, it is crucial to reflect that within the area of ocular allergies, different disease entities exist and that only some of them may be mimicked by animal models. Formally, conjunctivitis may be divided into allergic and nonallergic conjunctivitis and the allergic form may also be subdivided into IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated allergic conjunctivitis ( Fig. 1) (9). Clinically, the spectrum of conjunctivitis types can be subdivided into allergic conjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis and giant papillary conjunctivitis.In contrast to the other forms of conjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis is commonly based on an IgEmediated hypersensitivity reaction. Furthermore, allergic Allergic eye diseases are complex inflammatory conditions of the conjunctiva with an increasing prevalence and incidence. The diseases are often concomitant with other allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis and allergic asthma. Despite the disabling and prominent symptoms of ocular allergies, they are less well studied and further insights into the molecular basics are still required. To establish new therapeutic approaches and assess immunological mechanisms, animal models of ocular allergies have been developed in the past years. The major forms of allergic ocular diseases, seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis, vernal and atopic keratoconjunctivitis and giant papillary conjunctivitis, each have different pathophysiological and immunological components. In contrast to these distinct entities, the current animal models are based on the sensitization against a small numbe...

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Human conjunctival mast cells: Distribution of MCT and MCTC in vernal conjunctivitis and giant papillary conjunctivitis

Cited by 157 publications

References 20 publications

Mast cell changes in scleroderma

Mast cell changes in scleroderma

Multiple Cedar Pollen Challenge Diminishes Involvement of Histamine in Allergic Conjunctivitis of Guinea Pigs

Animal models of allergic and inflammatory conjunctivitis

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