Human Computation in Citizen Science

Lintott, Chris; Reed, Jason T.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8806-4_14

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…There is, moreover, a growing sense that the Internet enables us to tap into human capabilities for the purposes of accomplishing tasks that were previously beyond the reach of our species (Michelucci and Dickinson 2016;Hendler and Berners-Lee 2010). One has only to look at the burgeoning literature on human computation systems (Michelucci 2013;Law and von Ahn 2011) and citizen science systems (Lintott and Reed 2013;Cardamone et al 2009) to appreciate the growing interest in issues of socio-computational and bio-technological hybridization. It is here, I suggest, that we can begin to see how the notion of HEMC helps to bring a range of important inter-disciplinary linkages into sharper focus.…”

Section: Human-extended Machine Cognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extended Cognition and the Internet

Smart

2017

Philos. Technol.

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The Internet is an important focus of attention for those concerned with issues of extended cognition. In particular, the application of active externalist theorizing to the Internet gives rise to the notion of Internet-extended cognition: the idea that the Internet can (on occasion) form part of an integrated nexus of material elements that serves as the realization base for human mental states and processes. The current review attempts to survey a range of issues and controversies that arise in respect of the notion of Internet-extended cognition. These include the issue of whether the Internet, as a technological system, is able to support real-world cases of cognitive extension. It also includes issues concerning the cognitive and epistemic impacts of the Internet. Finally, the review highlights a range of issues and concerns that have not been the focus of previous philosophical attention. These include issues of 'network-extended cognitive bloat', 'conjoined minds', and an entirely new form of cognitive extension that goes under the heading of 'human-extended machine cognition'. Together, these issues serve to highlight the value and importance of Internet-extended cognition to contemporary philosophical debates about the extended mind. In particular, the notion of Internet-extended cognition has the potential to highlight points of philosophical progress that are not easily revealed by the kind of technologically low-grade cases that tend to animate the majority of philosophical discussions in this area.

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Section: Human-extended Machine Cognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extended Cognition and the Internet

Smart

2017

Philos. Technol.

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“…An example of this can be found, I suggest, in the literature on citizen science systems (Lintott and Reed 2013). Consider, for example, a citizen science system known as Galaxy Zoo.…”

Section: Situating Machine Intelligence Within the Cognitive Ecology…mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The other area emerges in relation to research on Internet-enabled forms of human-machine cooperation (Smart and Shadbolt 2014;Michelucci 2016). This includes, for example, a considerable body of work that has emerged in relation to human computation systems (Law and von Ahn 2011;Michelucci 2013) and citizen science platforms (Lintott and Reed 2013). Indeed, when reading the literature on human computation, one sometimes encounters an almost implicit reference to the idea of multiple (human) individuals serving as part of the realization base for the processing capabilities a diverse array of emerging socio-computational systems (see Michelucci 2016;Michelucci and Dickinson 2016).…”

Section: Extended Cognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With respect to citizen science systems, for example, Lintott and Reed (2013) note that one of the limiting factors in the development of automated processing solutions is the availability of sufficiently well-structured training datasets and that one of the key advantages of citizen science projects is the provision of such datasets. Similarly, when it comes to a class of systems known as Games With A Purpose (GWAP), 11 von Ahn and 9 Convolutional neural networks are a form of deep learning architecture that is commonly used for image processing tasks (Bengio 2009).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Situating Machine Intelligence Within the Cognitive Ecology of the Internet

Smart

2017

Minds & Machines

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The Internet is an important focus of attention for the philosophy of mind and cognitive science communities. This is partly because the Internet serves as an important part of the material environment in which a broad array of human cognitive and epistemic activities are situated. The Internet can thus be seen as an important part of the 'cognitive ecology' that helps to shape, support and (on occasion) realize aspects of human cognizing. Much of the previous philosophical work in this area has sought to analyze the cognitive significance of the Internet from the perspective of human cognition. There has, as such, been little effort to assess the cognitive significance of the Internet from the perspective of 'machine cognition'. This is unfortunate, because the Internet is likely to exert a significant influence on the shape of machine intelligence. The present paper attempts to evaluate the extent to which the Internet serves as a form of cognitive ecology for synthetic (machine-based) forms of intelligence. In particular, the phenomenon of Internet-situated machine intelligence is analyzed from the perspective of a number of approaches that are typically subsumed under the heading of situated cognition. These include extended, embedded, scaffolded and embodied approaches to cognition. For each of these approaches, the Internet is shown to be of potential relevance to the development and operation of machine-based cognitive capabilities. Such insights help us to appreciate the role of the Internet in advancing the current state-of-the-art in machine intelligence.

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“…Beyond the training benefits that can arise by direct interaction between more committed citizen scientists and the inexperienced majority, a less obvious benefit can be realized at the aggregation stage of the system. By capitalizing on the relationship between citizen scientist experience and performance, many existing citizen science platforms are identifying analysis produced by more committed volunteers as reference standard data [Lintott and Reed, 2013]. In the absence of ground truth (as may be the case in space and planetary projects), this data is utilized to verify and validate the dataset as a whole.…”

Section: Capitalize On Individual Differences As An Organizational Stmentioning

confidence: 99%

A sociotechnical system approach to virtual citizen science: an application of BS ISO 27500:2016

Houghton¹,

Sprinks²,

Wardlaw³

et al. 2019

JCOM

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We discuss the potential application to virtual citizen science of a recent standard (BS ISO 27500:2016 “The human-centred organisation”) which encourages the adoption of a sociotechnical systems perspective across a wide range of businesses, organizations and ventures. Key tenets of the standard concern taking a total systems approach, capitalizing on individual differences as a strength, making usability and accessibility strategic objectives, valuing personnel and paying attention to ethical and values-led elements of the project in terms of being open and trustworthy, social responsibility and health and wellbeing. Drawing upon our experience of projects in our laboratory and the wider literature, we outline the principles identified in the standard and offer citizen science themed interpretations and examples of possible responses.

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Human Computation in Citizen Science

Cited by 16 publications

References 23 publications

Extended Cognition and the Internet

Extended Cognition and the Internet

Situating Machine Intelligence Within the Cognitive Ecology of the Internet

A sociotechnical system approach to virtual citizen science: an application of BS ISO 27500:2016

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