Human comfort modelling for elderly people by infrared thermography: Evaluating the thermoregulation system responses in an indoor environment during winter

Tejedor, Blanca; Casals, Miquel; Gangolells, Marta; Macarulla, Marcel; Forcada, Núria

doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107354

Cited by 46 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 92 publications

(131 reference statements)

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“…This basic principle seems to also hold for other types of masks (community, silk cloth scarfs, FFP2) as Westphalen et al [ 47 ] showed in single subject experiments. Additionally, the aerosol particles being in this near field of the emitter showed a tendency to move further upwards owing to the thermic convection flow due to the in general higher temperature of the emitting person compared to the environmental temperature [ 36 , 57 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of surgical masks on aerosol dispersion in professional singing

Kniesburges

Schlegel

Peters

et al. 2021

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Background In the CoVID-19 pandemic, singing came into focus as a high-risk activity for the infection with airborne viruses and was therefore forbidden by many governmental administrations. Objective The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of surgical masks regarding the spatial and temporal dispersion of aerosol and droplets during professional singing. Methods Ten professional singers performed a passage of the Ludwig van Beethoven’s “Ode of Joy” in two experimental setups—each with and without surgical masks. First, they sang with previously inhaled vapor of e-cigarettes. The emitted cloud was recorded by three cameras to measure its dispersion dynamics. Secondly, the naturally expelled larger droplets were illuminated by a laser light sheet and recorded by a high-speed camera. Results The exhaled vapor aerosols were decelerated and deflected by the mask and stayed in the singer’s near-field around and above their heads. In contrast, without mask, the aerosols spread widely reaching distances up to 1.3 m. The larger droplets were reduced by up to 86% with a surgical mask worn. Significance The study shows that surgical masks display an effective tool to reduce the range of aerosol dispersion during singing. In combination with an appropriate aeration strategy for aerosol removal, choir singers could be positioned in a more compact assembly without contaminating neighboring singers all singers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of surgical masks on aerosol dispersion in professional singing

Kniesburges

Schlegel

Peters

et al. 2021

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…Having mentioned this, the distances from the very left to the very right expansion of the expelled vapor cloud when singing with a mask, showed a maximum value of 1.16 m. Therefore, the earlier recommended safety distance to one side of 1.5m could still be justified. Similar to the expansion increase to the sides, the maximum expansion of the cloud in upward (z-)direction was also increased presumably supported by the thermal lift 44,45 . This effect could be beneficial if a ventilation system is assumed with a vertical upward directed net flow with the exhaust openings in the ceiling of a room.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

The effect of singers’ masks on the impulse dispersion of aerosols during singing

Echternach¹,

Hermann²,

Gantner³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: During the Covid-19 pandemic, singing activities were restricted due to several super-spreading events which have been observed during rehearsals and vocal performances. However, it has not been clarified how the aerosol dispersion, which has been assumed to be the leading transmission factor, could be reduced by masks which are specially designed for singers. Material and Methods: 12 professional singers (10 of the Bavarian Radio-Chorus and two freelancers, 7 females and 5 males) were asked to sing the melody of the ode of joy of Beethovens 9. symphony Freude schoener Goetterfunken, Tochter aus Elysium in D-major without masks and afterwards with five different singers masks, all distinctive in their material and proportions. Every task was conducted after inhaling the basic liquid from an e-cigarette. The aerosol dispersion was recorded by three high-definition video cameras during and after the task. The cloud was segmented and the dispersion was analyzed for all three spatial dimensions. Further, the subjects were asked to rate the practicability of wearing the tested masks during singing activities using a questionnaire. Results: Concerning the median distances of dispersion, all masks were able to decrease the impulse dispersion of the aerosols to the front. In contrast, the dispersion to the sides and to the top was increased. The evaluation revealed that most of the subjects would reject performing a concert with any of the masks. Conclusion: Although, the results exhibit that the tested masks could be able to reduce the radius of aerosol expulsion for virus-laden aerosol particles, there are more improvements necessary to enable the practical implementations for professional singing.

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“…In addition, it was reported that psychological adaptation could neutralize the actual thermal sensation of occupants by regulating the thermal sensitivity of the skin. Tejedor et al [61] studied a method of determining the thermal comfort of elderly people who are vulnerable to the cold environment using infrared thermography as an automatic control method of an HVAC system. As a result, it was confirmed that the PMV model from ASHRAE 55 overestimated the warm discomfort states of older people.…”

Section: Skin Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Influencing factors on thermal comfort and biosignals of occupant-a review

2021

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Thermal comfort has become one of the most important factors to be considered for the working efficiency and health of occupants in an indoor space. In addition, it is considered in the design of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems for the management of building energy. In this study, the key factors influencing thermal comfort are briefly discussed, such as air temperature, air velocity, radiant temperature, relative humidity, insulation of clothes, and metabolic rate. These factors act in a complex manner, affecting people and causing physical and psychological changes. Also, human physical changes have a significant impact on the human body, including skin temperature, heart rate variability, and electroencephalogram measurements, and are modified by the surrounding thermal environment. In this article, the factors influencing thermal comfort and biosignals of humans are discussed, and recent related studies are introduced.

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Human comfort modelling for elderly people by infrared thermography: Evaluating the thermoregulation system responses in an indoor environment during winter

Cited by 46 publications

References 92 publications

Effects of surgical masks on aerosol dispersion in professional singing

Effects of surgical masks on aerosol dispersion in professional singing

The effect of singers’ masks on the impulse dispersion of aerosols during singing

Influencing factors on thermal comfort and biosignals of occupant-a review

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