Human Chorionic Gonadotropin—A Review of the Literature

Herkert, Darby; Meljen, Vivienne; Muasher, Lisa C.; Price, Thomas M.; Kuller, Jeffrey A.; Dotters‐Katz, Sarah K.

doi:10.1097/ogx.0000000000001053

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…This might have significant emotional and monetary repercussions for patients in various circumstances. Additionally, hCG testing might detect another disease, such as cancer [ 11 ]. Ectopically expressed chorionic gonadotropin and heterodimeric placental HCG hormone have opposite impacts on the growth of breast cancer.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predisposing and Overall Effects of Reproductive Hormones on Breast Cancer: A Review

Sarda,

Jogdand

2023

Cureus

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Cancer, the second leading cause of mortality worldwide, has been the subject of extensive and quickly changing scientific study and practice. Cancer remains a mystery despite the enormous effort put into understanding the genesis of cancerous cells, the development of malignant tissues, and the process by which they propagate and recur. Cells from humans that have been recruited by cancer and, to some extent, changed into pathogenic organisms or the foundation of tumors serve as agents of destruction. Understanding cancers leads to challenging philosophical issues since they undermine and use multicellular organization processes. Cancer metastasizing cells adopt new phenotypes while discarding previous behaviors. The absence of comprehensive knowledge of this has hampered the development of therapeutics for metastatic illness. For systems-level experimental and computational metastasis modeling, integrating these complex and interconnected features continues to be a problem because metastasis has typically been studied in separate physiological compartments. Lung, breast, and prostate cancers accounted for the bulk of the 18 million new cases of cancer that were diagnosed in 2018. The most frequent cancer in women is breast cancer. Animal experimentation plays a significant role in primary and translational breast cancer research. In theory, such breast cancer models should be comparable to breast cancer in humans in terms of tumor etiology, biological behavior, pathology, and treatment response.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predisposing and Overall Effects of Reproductive Hormones on Breast Cancer: A Review

Sarda,

Jogdand

2023

Cureus

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“…The described properties of these hormones testify to their ability to provide effective induction of folliculogenesis, which increases the reproductive ability of rabbits and, therefore, the profitability of rabbit meat production. However, many sources indicate a high probability of side effects and morphological damage of the ovaries' parenchyma due to incorrect dosage and/or long-term use of gonadotropins (Herkert et al, 2022). The obtained negative consequences of the use of gonadotropins are probably related to the difference between the recombinant forms of gonadotropins and endogenous hormones circulating in the blood, which not only affects their pharmacodynamics but also changes their selectivity and, thereby, modifies the cellular response (Banker & Garcia-Velasco, 2015;Casarini & Simoni, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histomorphology of the ovaries of rabbits does during ovulation induced by the combined use of gonadotropins

Tverdokhlib,

Naumenko,

Koshevoy

et al. 2024

Ukr. Jour. of Vet. and Agr. Sci.

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Hormonal stimulation of folliculogenesis is a general method of increasing reproductive capacity in rabbits; however, studying the safety of the developed protocols remains an urgent scientific task. The use of hormonal agents is due to the physiological characteristics of rabbits, primarily coitus-dependent mechanisms of ovulation. Applying gonadotropin-releasing analogs depends on mature follicles ready for ovulation in the ovary. It, therefore, has limited effectiveness for rabbits of the “zero” cycle that have not yet given birth. Therefore, such females are recommended to use medications based on gonadotropins obtained from the serum of foal mares (eCG) or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). There is limited data on the combined use of gonadotropins, especially the long-term administration in different doses. Thus, the research aimed to conduct a morphological evaluation of rabbit's ovaries with combined serum and chorionic gonadotropins to stimulate folliculogenesis before artificial insemination to assess the safety of the proposed dosages and long-term administration. Stimulation of ovulation in rabbits of experimental groups was caused by the combined use of serum and chorionic gonadotropins (eCG – 400 IU; hCG – 200 IU) for experimental groups 1 and 2 at a dose of 40 IU and 24 IU, respectively. Females of the control group were induced to ovulate by subcutaneous injection of 0.2 ml of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog. Ovaries were collected on the seventh day of gestation after the euthanasia of the rabbit with prior premedication. After dissection and macroscopic examination, the ovaries were fixed in a 10% aqueous solution of neutral formalin. Histological slides were made according to the general method by pouring in paraffin and subsequent staining with hematoxylin and eosin. The research has established that repeated (during five reproductive cycles) combined use of serum and chorionic gonadotropins has dose-dependent effectiveness and can cause dysfunction of ovaries and blood circulation. Pathological changes may acquire a systemic character with the manifestation of critical conditions for the health and life of rabbits. The stimulating effect of the combined use of eCG and hCG was detected at a dose of 40 IU, and the inhibition of folliculogenesis was observed at 24 IU. Since the premises for the hyperandrogenism were found microscopically, it was essential to investigate the level of androgens in the blood of rabbits after using a dose of 24 IU. At the same time, both doses of gonadotropins affect the reactivity of the endothelium, which is manifested by the presence of intravascular vesicles and changes in the rheological properties of blood.

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“…It has become especially relevant given the "One Health" concept (Hughes and Watson, 2018;Miller and Leach, 2023). A high probability of developing side effects and morphological damage to the functional tissue of human ovaries are associated with incorrectly defined dosage and/or long-term use of gonadotropins (Herkert et al, 2022). The resulting negative consequences of gonadotropin use are related to the difference between recombinant forms of gonadotropins and endogenous hormones, which not only affects their pharmacodynamics but also modifies the cellular response (Banker & Garcia-Velasco, 2015;Casarini and Simoni, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Different Methods of Ovulation Induction on Sex Hormones in Serum, and Meat of Rabbit Does

Tverdokhlib,

Naumenko,

Koshevoy

et al. 2024

WVJ

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High indicators of reproductive function in rabbits can be achieved using hormonal inducers of ovulation, in particular analogs of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, serum, and chorionic gonadotropins. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of sex hormones in the blood serum and meat of rabbit does during ovulation stimulation over 5 consecutive pregnancies. For this purpose, 60 Hyla rabbit does were randomly divided into five groups of 12, ensuring four animals per group with three replicates. Animals of the first and second experimental groups, animals received intramuscular injections of serum gonadotropin, 40 IU and 25 IU respectively, three days prior to artificial insemination. Females of the third and fourth groups were administered combined doses of serum and chorionic gonadotropins (40 IU and 24 IU, respectively) during the same period. Rabbits of the control group were stimulated to ovulate by subcutaneous injection of 0.2 ml analog of gonadotropin-releasing hormone after artificial insemination. Long-term administration of gonadotropins revealed dose-dependent effects. Hyperprogesteronemia was detected in rabbit does (40 IU), while hyperandrogenia was noted in females (24 IU) during the combined administration of gonadotropins. The use of serum gonadotropin at a dose of 25 IU contributed to an increase in the level of follicle-stimulating, luteinizing hormone and progesterone while decreasing 17β-estradiol. A high dose (40 IU) in rabbit does did not cause significant fluctuations of hormones in blood serum, but decreased luteinizing hormone and progesterone. Long-term use of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog was accompanied by a pronounced decrease in the level of luteinizing hormone, as well as 17β-estradiol. However, the meat of all experimental animals did not increase the content of steroid hormones (testosterone and 17β-estradiol). It can be concluded that ovulation stimulation in rabbit does using a serum gonadotropin dose of 25 IU and the recommended dose of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog does not negatively impact the hormonal balance.

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Human Chorionic Gonadotropin—A Review of the Literature

Cited by 8 publications

References 54 publications

Predisposing and Overall Effects of Reproductive Hormones on Breast Cancer: A Review

Predisposing and Overall Effects of Reproductive Hormones on Breast Cancer: A Review

Histomorphology of the ovaries of rabbits does during ovulation induced by the combined use of gonadotropins

Effects of Different Methods of Ovulation Induction on Sex Hormones in Serum, and Meat of Rabbit Does

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