Human cell mutagenicity of oxygenated, nitrated and unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with urban aerosols

Durant, John L.; Busby, William F.; Lafleur, Arthur L.; Penman, Bruce W.; Crespi, Charles L.

doi:10.1016/s0165-1218(96)90103-2

Cited by 748 publications

(477 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Table 1 also shows the BaP carcinogenic equivalent concentration (BaP TEQ ) and the BaP mutagenic equivalent concentration (BaP MEQ ) calculated by multiplying the congener analytical data by their toxic equivalency factor (TEF) and mutagenic equivalency factor (MEF). The use of equivalency factors is exhaustively described in Petry et al (1996), whereas the TEF and MEF were obtained from Nisbet and LaGoy (1992) and Durant et al (1996), respectively.…”

Section: Chemometricsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This latter result BaP TEQ (BaP carcinogenic equivalent concentration) are calculated using toxic equivalency factors from Nisbet and LaGoy (1992), with the exception of B(e)P and DBahA from Malcolm and Dobson (1994). BaP MEQ (BaP mutagenic equivalent concentration) are calculated using mutagenic equivalency factors from Durant et al (1996) reflects the pronounced seasonal variations of PAH levels inversely following the ambient temperature, with higher concentrations during the cold periods. In general, summertime levels of PAHs tend to a minimum because of the increased photooxidation of the most reactive congeners, whereas wintertime levels are higher due to enhanced sorption on particles, the less intensive oxidation mechanisms, and the increase of domestic heating (Ravindra et al 2008a).…”

Section: Chemometricsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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GC-MS analyses and chemometric processing to discriminate the local and long-distance sources of PAHs associated to atmospheric PM2.5

Masiol

Centanni

Hofer

et al. 2012

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Purpose This study presents a procedure to differentiate the local and remote sources of particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Methods Data were collected during an extended PM 2.5 sampling campaign (2009)(2010) carried out for 1 year in Venice-Mestre, Italy, at three stations with different emissive scenarios: urban, industrial, and semirural background. Diagnostic ratios and factor analysis were initially applied to point out the most probable sources. In a second step, the areal distribution of the identified sources was studied by applying the discriminant analysis on factor scores. Third, samples collected in days with similar atmospheric circulation patterns were grouped using a cluster analysis on wind data. Local contributions to PM 2.5 and PAHs were then assessed by interpreting cluster results with chemical data.Results Results evidenced that significantly lower levels of PM 2.5 and PAHs were found when faster winds changed air masses, whereas in presence of scarce ventilation, locally emitted pollutants were trapped and concentrations increased. This way, an estimation of pollutant loads due to local sources can be derived from data collected in days with similar wind patterns. Long-range contributions were detected by a cluster analysis on the air mass back-trajectories. Results revealed that PM 2.5 concentrations were relatively high when air masses had passed over the Po Valley. However, external sources do not significantly contribute to the PAHs load. Conclusions The proposed procedure can be applied to other environments with minor modifications, and the obtained information can be useful to design local and national air pollution control strategies.

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Section: Chemometricsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chemometricsmentioning

confidence: 99%

GC-MS analyses and chemometric processing to discriminate the local and long-distance sources of PAHs associated to atmospheric PM2.5

Masiol

Centanni

Hofer

et al. 2012

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…In addition, the NPAHs and OPAHs may also be formed from the oxidation of PAHs by chemical and/or microbiological processes (Bamford and Baker, Science of the Total Environment 481 (2014) [178][179][180][181][182][183][184][185] 2003; Lundstedt et al, 2007;Wang et al, 2007;Haritash and Kaushik, 2009;Kojima et al, 2010). Generally speaking, NPAHs and OPAHs show higher toxicity than their parent PAHs, such as mutagenicity and carcinogenicity (Durant et al, 1996;Umbuzeiro et al, 2008). Meanwhile, the OPAHs can cause allergic diseases (Kojima et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxygenated, nitrated, methyl and parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rivers of Haihe River System, China: Occurrence, possible formation, and source and fate in a water-shortage area

Qiao

Liu

et al. 2014

Science of The Total Environment

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• Methyl-PAHs, oxy-PAHs, and PAHs were detected in rivers, but no nitro-PAHs.• 2-MN, 9-FL, and AQ were the three highest-concentration SPAHs.• OPAHs were possibly transformed from the PAHs especially at higher temperature.• Wastewater treatment plant effluent was the major source for the SPAHs and PAHs.• The major amount of SPAHs and PAHs entered the farmland through irrigation. a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (SPAHs) occur ubiquitously in the whole global environment as a result of their persistence and widely-spread sources. Some SPAHs show higher toxicities and levels than the corresponding PAHs. Three types of most frequently existing SPAHs, oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs), nitrated-PAHs (NPAHs), and methyl-PAHs (MPAHs), as well as the 16 priority PAHs were investigated in this study. The purpose was to identify the occurrence, possible transformation, and source and fate of these target compounds in a water shortage area of North China. We took a river system in the water-shortage area in China, the Haihe River System (HRS), as a typical case. The rivers are used for irrigating the farmland in the North of China, which probably introduce these pollutants to the farmland of this area. The MPAHs (0.02-0.40 μg/L in dissolved phase; 0.32-16.54 μg/g in particulate phase), OPAHs (0.06-0.19 μg/L; 0.41-17.98 μg/g), and PAHs (0.16-1.20 μg/L; 1.56-79.38 μg/g) were found in the water samples, but no NPAHs were detected. The concentrations of OPAHs were higher than that of the corresponding PAHs. Seasonal comparison results indicated that the OPAHs, such as anthraquinone and 2-methylanthraquinone, were possibly transformed from the PAHs, particularly at higher temperature. Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent was deemed to be the major source for the MPAHs (contributing 62.3% and 87.6% to the receiving river in the two seasons), PAHs (68.5% and 89.4%), and especially OPAHs (80.3% and 93.2%) in the rivers. Additionally, the majority of MPAHs (12.4 kg, 80.0% of the total input), OPAHs (16.2 kg, 83.5%), and PAHs (65.9 kg, 93.3%) in the studied months entered the farmland through irrigation.

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“…These compounds could be able to start photochemical and photosensitized reactions upon radiation absorption. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) constitute one of the most widespread classes of organic pollutants in water, soil and atmosphere [2][3][4][5][6][7] , and received particular attention due to their mutagenic effects 8 . The PAH nitroderivatives also cause concern for their direct mutagenicity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photochemistry of 1-Nitronaphthalene: A Potential Source of Singlet Oxygen and Radical Species in Atmospheric Waters

et al. 2010

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Abstract1-Nitronaphthalene (1NN) was used as a model of nitro-PAHs to investigate photosensitized reactions in aqueous solution in the presence of oxygen and halides. Laser Flash Photolysis (LFP) was employed to investigate electron transfer between halide anions and the triplet state of 1NN, leading to the formation of dihalogen radical anions (X 2 •-) in solution. The experiments were performed in the absence or presence of oxygen, showing a bimolecular quenching rate constant for the triplet state of 1NN ( 3 1NN) by oxygen of (1.95 ± 0.05) × 10 9 M -1 s -1 . The decay of 3 1NN was observed to strongly depend on the pH of the medium. At pH > 2, 3 1NN decayed with a pseudo-first order rate constant close to 6.0 × 10 5 s -1 . The rate constant was markedly enhanced at lower pHs, reaching 2.0 × 10 6 s -1 at pH ~ 0.1, which suggests formation of the protonated triplet state ( 3 1NNH + ) at low pHs. Furthermore, we showed that the photoreactions of 3 1NN in the presence of oxygen are potential sources of HO 2 • , 1 O 2 and possibly • OH in aqueous media. In Milli-Q water (pH ~ 6.5) and in the presence of halide anions the quenching rate constant of 3 1NN was evaluated to be (2.9 ± 0.4) × 10 4 M -1 s -1 for chloride, (7.5 ± 0.2) × 10 8 M -1 s -1 for bromide, and (1.1 ± 0.1) × 10 10 M -1 s -1 for iodide. Also in this case a pH-dependent reactivity was evidenced, and the quenching rate constant was (7.7 ± 1.2) × 10 5 M -1 s -1 with chloride at pH 1.1.

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Human cell mutagenicity of oxygenated, nitrated and unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with urban aerosols

Cited by 748 publications

References 46 publications

GC-MS analyses and chemometric processing to discriminate the local and long-distance sources of PAHs associated to atmospheric PM2.5

GC-MS analyses and chemometric processing to discriminate the local and long-distance sources of PAHs associated to atmospheric PM2.5

Oxygenated, nitrated, methyl and parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rivers of Haihe River System, China: Occurrence, possible formation, and source and fate in a water-shortage area

Photochemistry of 1-Nitronaphthalene: A Potential Source of Singlet Oxygen and Radical Species in Atmospheric Waters

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