Human Cannabinoid Pharmacokinetics

Huestis, Marilyn A.

doi:10.1002/chin.200747256

Cited by 53 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…The bioavailability of marijuana is 10-35 % when smoked in cigarette form and 5-20 % when ingested [24]. Pyrolysis of marijuana reduces the amount of cannabinoid available for absorption; the variable bioavailability of smoked marijuana cigarettes is thought to be related to individual smoking behavior including rate and depth of inhalation [27]. Vaporization of marijuana avoids the degradation of cannabinoids by pyrolysis and is an efficient vehicle for administration [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medical Marijuana and Driving: a Review

et al. 2014

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Medical marijuana remains a highly debated treatment regimen despite removal of state penalties against care providers prescribing the drug and patients treated with the drug in many areas of the USA. The utility of marijuana in specific medical conditions has been studied at length, but its effects on driving performance and risk of motor vehicle collision remain unclear. As with other medications that affect psychomotor function, the healthcare provider should be informed of the potential risks of driver safety prior to prescribing this psychotropic drug to give appropriate anticipatory guidance for appropriate use. The goal of this narrative review is to assess the current literature regarding marijuana as it relates to driving performance and traffic safety. With a foundation in the pharmacology of cannabinoids, we consider the limitations of testing cannabinoid and metabolite concentration. In addition, we will review studies on driving performance and epidemiological studies implicating marijuana in motor vehicle collisions. The increasing prevalence of medical marijuana laws in the USA suggests that clinicians should be aware of marijuana's influence on public safety. Patients should abstain from driving for 8 h if they achieve a subjective "high" from self-treatment with smoked marijuana and should be aware of the cumulative effects of alcohol and other psychoactive xenobiotics.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medical Marijuana and Driving: a Review

et al. 2014

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“…Bu ve metabolitleri kan, plazma, idrar, saç, tükürük ve terde tespit edilebilir (24). Bazı ilaçlarla beraber kullanımı ve şeker hastalığı, böbrek ve karaciğer hastalığı olanlarda yalancı pozitiflik olabilir.…”

Section: Esrar Ve Kannabinoidlerunclassified

Bağimlilik Ve Uyarici Maddeler / Addiction and Stimulant Drugs

Kılıç¹

2016

Osmangazi̇ Journal of Medicine

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ÖZET: Son yıllarda bağımlılık, madde kullanımı ve suiistimali oldukça artmıştır. Bu konuda genç ve erişkin tüm bireylerde farkındalık oluşturmak durumundayız. Aslında, insanoğlunun varoluşundan beri bir şekilde bu maddelerin bitkisel olarak kullanımı söz konusudur. Günlük aktivitelerin daha verimli geçmesi, enerjik hissetme ve iş verimliliğini artırmak adına Hint keneviri, Koka yaprağı, Cadha edulis, Papaver somniferum vb. maddeler çeşitli yollardan kullanıla gelmiştir. Bu maddelerin kullanımı, beyinde hazdan sorumlu merkez olan, limbik sistemi uyarır. Bu merkezdeki en önemli nörotransmitter dopamindir. Birçok madde, dopaminin aktivasyonuyla etkilerini oluşturur. Öte yandan, bu maddelerin fazla miktarda kullanımları sonucunda bağımlılık, tolerans gelişmesi ve ciddi sistem hastalıkları, hatta fiziksel bağımlılık ve yoksunluk durumları da ortaya çıkar. Bireyler, bu nahoş durumlardan kaçınmak için sürekli olarak bu maddeleri arayış içine girerler. Burada asıl sorun ise sentetik olarak üretilen uyarıcıların son yıllarda kontrolsüz bir şekilde üretilmesi, arz talep ortamının artırılmasıdır. Bu sentetiklerin sayısının artması, bu maddelerin tespitini zorlaştıran başka bir sorundur. Bu ciddi sorun, tüm dünyayı yıldıran çözülmesi gereken ciddi bir sorun olarak karşımızda durmaktadır. ANAHTAR KELİMELER: Bağımlılık, uyarıcı maddeler. ADDICTION AND STIMULANT DRUGSABSTRACT: Addiction and substance use and abuse is a growing problem in recent years and we should create awareness on this issue in all individuals including young and adult individuals. In fact, since the existence of mankind, these substances are in use as herbal products. Indian hemp, coca leaf, Cadha edulis and Papaver somniferum have been used in by a variety of routes in order to increase the productivity in daily activities, to feel energized and to increase work efficiency. The use of these substances mainly stimulates the limbic system which is a center responsible from the pleasure in the brain. The most important neurotransmitter in this center is dopamine. Namely, many substances exert their effects by activating the dopamine. On the other hand, overdose of these substances resulted in addiction, tolerance, severe organ system diseases and even in physical addiction and withdrawal symptoms. In order to avoid from these unpleasant situations, individuals constantly search for these substances. The main problem in here is the uncontrolled production of synthetic stimulants in recent years which increases the demand and supply ratio. It is another problem that increased number of these synthetics makes the identification of these substances difficult. It serious problem stands as a serious problems terrorizing the entire world.

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“…However, recognition that smoking is undesirable has resulted in a variety of alternative routes, even among recreational users [7][8][9]. These alternatives to smoking include vaporization and oral delivery.…”

Section: Strengths and Implications Of The Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Estimating THC blood concentration during the long terminal phase is complicated by sequestration and leaching of THC from fat stores [15]. This terminal portion of the THC pharmacokinetic curve has been less studied than earlier portions of the curve, in part due to the difficulty of quantifying the low THC concentrations present during this period [7]. Because the dataset the authors used for this terminal portion is relatively small and may not be optimal for the complex model Heuberger et al developed [16], additional data could lead to refinement of the model.…”

Section: Strengths and Implications Of The Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pharmacokinetics of THC are complex, and depend on the route of administration as well as individual subject factors such as metabolic capacity and adiposity [7]. This variability, along with the challenge of obtaining repeated samples in an individual over the extended duration required to capture THC elimination, poses a challenge to the development of a comprehensive model of THC pharmacokinetics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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