Human Calorimetry by Means of the Gradient Principle

Benzinger, T. H.; Huebscher, R. G.; Minard, David; Kitzinger, C.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1958.12.3.s1

Cited by 27 publications

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“…The set points (37.1 C [98.8 F] in man, 38.7 C [102 F] in the rabbit) were superimposed for this presentation. 5. The peripheral cold-excitation and central warm-inhibi¬ tion of the metabolic response to cold.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Temperature

Benzinger¹

1969

JAMA

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confidence: 99%

Clinical Temperature

Benzinger¹

1969

JAMA

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“…For the calorimetric techniques and their reliability (error + 1 per cent of human resting metabolism or 0.2 cal/sec), reference is made to a previous publication. 18 B. Thermometry.-For the measurement of internal body temperature, a site as well defined and as close as feasible to the hypothalamic heat center was chosen. Into the external auditory canal, 36-gauge twin wires of copper and constantan were introduced.…”

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confidence: 99%

On Physical Heat Regulation and the Sense of Temperature in Man

Benzinger

1959

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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146

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Human physiology has given much of its attention to those systems which control in a multicellular organism the essential internal conditions: to respiration as it provides optimal concentrations of carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions and oxygen, to circulation as it maintains adequate blood flowrates and pressures, and to production and loss of energy as they are balanced through a regulatory mechanism for the maintenance of optimal body temperature.For the purpose of analysis, three main components may be distinguished with any regulatory system in physiology:1. Specific sensory-receptor organs register the physical or chemical quantity that is to be regulated. They produce nerve impulses commensurate with the magnitude of this stimulus.2. One or more effector organs act in response to the stimulus. This results in a return of the physical or chemical quantity registered toward the optimal level whereby the stimulus is reduced or abolished at the site of registration and elsewhere.3. A coordinating center in the central nervous system receives the afferent nerve impulses. It produces efferent impulses which initiate or maintain the regulatory action of the effector organs.A physiological control mechanism cannot be considered clarified until its effector organs, center of coordination, and receptor sensory structures have been identified, and until the quantitative relations between causes and effects, that is, between physical or chemical stimuli and physiological responses, have been demonstrated. In this paper an attempt is described to clarify experimentally one of these mechanisms: the so-called "physical heat regulation"* of man. We shall also discuss the registration of temperature and the sense of temperature, -functions no less important than the other senses to survival and performance at various intensities of exertion, on earth with its many climates. Such an attempt begins at the present state of knowledge and requires a brief history of the discoveries made in this field.For the regulation of temperature in experimental animals and man physiologists have detected, at very early times in some instances and more recently in others, the following possible components suited for the sensory, central, or effector assign-

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“…The thermodynamic activities of the reacting agents depend on temperature, concentration, and the activity coefficients of the reacting agents (see Section 4). Published standard Gibbs energies of reactions for ATP hydrolysis at different temperatures and pH values (37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46).…”

Section: Gibbs Energy Of Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This usually makes the pure-component standard state unfeasible in these cases. Therefore, the preferred standard state for the reacting agents in a bioreaction is a solution of 1 mol reacting agent in 1 kg of water, assuming the interactions between the molecules are the same as in an infinitely diluted solution (this is referred to as the hypothetical ideal solution) (37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48).…”

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Thermodynamics of Bioreactions

Held

Sadowski

2016

Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng.

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Thermodynamic principles have been applied to enzyme-catalyzed reactions since the beginning of the 1930s in an attempt to understand metabolic pathways. Currently, thermodynamics is also applied to the design and analysis of biotechnological processes. The key thermodynamic quantity is the Gibbs energy of reaction, which must be negative for a reaction to occur spontaneously. However, the application of thermodynamic feasibility studies sometimes yields positive Gibbs energies of reaction even for reactions that are known to occur spontaneously, such as glycolysis. This article reviews the application of thermodynamics in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. It summarizes the basic thermodynamic relationships used for describing the Gibbs energy of reaction and also refers to the nonuniform application of these relationships in the literature. The review summarizes state-of-the-art approaches that describe the influence of temperature, pH, electrolytes, solvents, and concentrations of reacting agents on the Gibbs energy of reaction and, therefore, on the feasibility and yield of biological reactions.

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Human Calorimetry by Means of the Gradient Principle

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

Clinical Temperature

Clinical Temperature

On Physical Heat Regulation and the Sense of Temperature in Man

Thermodynamics of Bioreactions

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