Human brain activity time-locked to perceptual event boundaries

Zacks, Jeffrey M.; Braver, Todd S.; Sheridan, Margaret A.; Donaldson, David I.; Snyder, Abraham Z.; Ollinger, John M.; Buckner, Randy L.; Raichle, Marcus E.

doi:10.1038/88486

Cited by 474 publications

(495 citation statements)

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“…The chronology‐judgment task required retrieving the event sequences of many complex stimuli (scenes) that entail high‐level conceptual/hierarchical relationships between them [Swallow et al, 2011; Zacks et al, 2001]. The precuneus was previously found to activate in our LTM protocol that used the same temporal order judgment [Kwok, et al, 2012; and see also results of the conjunction analyses].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Immediate memory for “when, where and what”: Short‐delay retrieval using dynamic naturalistic material

Kwok

Macaluso

2015

Human Brain Mapping

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We investigated the neural correlates supporting three kinds of memory judgments after very short delays using naturalistic material. In two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments, subjects watched short movie clips, and after a short retention (1.5–2.5 s), made mnemonic judgments about specific aspects of the clips. In Experiment 1, subjects were presented with two scenes and required to either choose the scene that happened earlier in the clip (“scene‐chronology”), or with a correct spatial arrangement (“scene‐layout”), or that had been shown (“scene‐recognition”). To segregate activity specific to seen versus unseen stimuli, in Experiment 2 only one probe image was presented (either target or foil). Across the two experiments, we replicated three patterns underlying the three specific forms of memory judgment. The precuneus was activated during temporal‐order retrieval, the superior parietal cortex was activated bilaterally for spatial‐related configuration judgments, whereas the medial frontal cortex during scene recognition. Conjunction analyses with a previous study that used analogous retrieval tasks, but a much longer delay (>1 day), demonstrated that this dissociation pattern is independent of retention delay. We conclude that analogous brain regions mediate task‐specific retrieval across vastly different delays, consistent with the proposal of scale‐invariance in episodic memory retrieval. Hum Brain Mapp 36:2495–2513, 2015. © 2015 The Authors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Immediate memory for “when, where and what”: Short‐delay retrieval using dynamic naturalistic material

Kwok

Macaluso

2015

Human Brain Mapping

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“…Such nonlinear transient components of the BOLD response are well-known for cognitive tasks (Courtney et al, 1997;Postle, Zarahn and D'Esposito, 2000;Konishi, Donaldson and Buckner, 2001;Posse et al, 2001;Huettel, Guzeldere, McCarthy, 2001;Shulman et al, 2001;Zacks et al, 2001;Calhoun et al, 2001Calhoun et al, , 2002ad'Avossa, Shulman and Corbetta, 2003;Krasnow et al, 2003;Calhoun et al, 2004a;Cabeza et al, 2004;Chen and Desmond, 2005;Fox et al, 2005;Meegan and Honsberger, 2005;Scheibe et al, 2006;Vuilleumier et al, 2005) but we are not aware of reports of such transient responses the offset of repeated or steady-state stimulation. In either case, the rectifying nonlinearity of a positive response to both stimulus onsets and offsets goes far beyond any nonlinear properties of the hemodynamic models per se, and implies the operation of a pronounced (rectifying) nonlinearity in the underlying neural response to these stimulation conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…However, studies of multiple different response waveforms (Zacks et al, 2001;d'Avossa et al, 2003;Bellgowan et al, 2003;Calhoun et al, 2004a;Fox et al, 2005) have typically identified different cortical regions with differential response dynamics to the same or different stimulus conditions. The issue of multiple components within a given region of cortex is not addressed in these studies.…”

Section: Boldðtþ ¼ Gðnðtþþ ð3þmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In most cases, it is assumed that the HRF incorporates both the cortical response to the stimulus and the hemodynamic response of the blood to the oxygen requirements of the cortical response. However, the situation may be much more complicated, with multiple components of neural response to the stimulus weighted differentially across the cortex (Zacks et al, 2001;d'Avossa et al, 2003;Bellgowan et al, 2003;Calhoun et al, 2004a;Fox et al, 2005), such that any one voxel contains contributions from more than one neural time course. If these time course variations are small relative to the BOLD temporal resolution, they may be negligible for an overall analysis of response strength, but the cited studies show non-negligible variations that require a more detailed analysis.…”

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Independent components in stimulus-related BOLD signals and estimation of the underlying neural responses

2008

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This is the published version of the paper.This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C TArticle history: IntroductionFunctional magnetic-resonance imaging (fMRI) based on the blood oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) signal is a powerful technique for studying the neural response in the cortex. Most previous work has been based on the assumption that the BOLD signal is a unitary response to a single form of stimulus S(t), usually in the form of a linear convolution of a hemodynamic response function (HRF) with the temporal waveform of the stimulus time sequence (Bandettini et al., 1993;Friston et al., 1994;Boynton et al., 1996). In most cases, it is assumed that the HRF incorporates both the cortical response to the stimulus and the hemodynamic response of the blood to the oxygen requirements of the cortical response. However, the situation may be much more complicated, with multiple components of neural response to the stimulus weighted differentially across the cortex (Zacks et al., 2001;d'Avossa et al., 2003;Bellgowan et al., 2003;Calhoun et al., 2004a;Fox et al., 2005), such that any one voxel contains contributions from more than one neural time course. If these time course variations are small relative to the BOLD temporal resolution, they may be negligible for an overall analysis of response strength, but the cited studies show non-negligible variations that require a more detailed analysis. For this reason, consistent with Friston et al. (1998Friston et al. ( , 2000, Buxton et al. (2004) and others, we restrict the term HRF to the dynamics of the blood response to the metabolic demands of the neural processing and consider the neural response to the stimulus as a separate process. This leads to the model of the BOLD mechanisms shown in Fig. 1.

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“…These studies have been motivated by the hypothesis that if the brain is undertaking processing that relates to event boundaries, transient changes in brain activity should be observed at those points in time corresponding to event boundaries -whether or not you are attending to event segmentation. In one study [18], participants passively viewed short movies of everyday activities while their brain activity was recorded with fMRI. During the initial viewing and fMRI data recording, participants were asked simply to watch the movies and try to remember as much as possible.…”

Section: Neurophysiological Evidence For Automaticity Of Event Segmenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Segmentation in the perception and memory of events

Kurby

Zacks

2008

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

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People make sense of continuous streams of observed behavior in part by segmenting them into events. Event segmentation seems to be an ongoing component of everyday perception. Events are segmented simultaneously at multiple timescales, and are grouped hierarchically. Activity in brain regions including the posterior temporal and parietal cortex and lateral frontal cortex increases transiently at event boundaries. The parsing of ongoing activity into events is related to the updating of working memory, to the contents of long-term memory, and to the learning of new procedures. Event segmentation might arise as a side effect of an adaptive mechanism that integrates information over the recent past to improve predictions about the near future. Making sense by segmentingImagine walking with a friend to a coffee shop. If asked to describe this activity in more detail you might list a few of the events that make it up. The events listed could be broken up by changes in the physical features of the activity, such as location: 'We started out by going down to the laboratory. We grabbed our coats and put them on. Then we walked out of the building to the corner by the subway station…' Or, they could be broken up by changes in conceptual features, such as your goals: 'We started our walk talking about how much construction is going on. When the topic turned to the new building with the coffee shop we decided to head over there to give it a try…' Such descriptions are typical of how people talk about events, and they illustrate something important about perception: people make sense of a complex dynamic world in part by segmenting it into a modest number of meaningful units. Recent research on event perception reveals that, as an ongoing part of normal perception, people segment activity into events and subevents. This segmentation is related to core functions of cognitive control and memory encoding, and is subserved by isolable neural mechanisms. Events and their boundariesBy 'event' we mean a segment of time at a given location that is conceived by an observer to have a beginning and an end [1]. In particular we focus on the events that make up everyday life on the timescale of a few seconds to tens of minutes -things like opening an envelope, pouring coffee into a cup, changing the diaper of a baby or calling a friend on the phone. Event Segmentation Theory (EST) [2] (see Glossary) proposes that perceptual systems spontaneously segment activity into events as a side effect of trying to anticipate upcoming information (see Box 1). When perceptual or conceptual features of the activity change, prediction becomes more difficult and errors in prediction increase transiently. At such points, people update memory representations of 'what is happening now'. The processing cascade of detecting a

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Human brain activity time-locked to perceptual event boundaries

Cited by 474 publications

References 23 publications

Immediate memory for “when, where and what”: Short‐delay retrieval using dynamic naturalistic material

Immediate memory for “when, where and what”: Short‐delay retrieval using dynamic naturalistic material

Independent components in stimulus-related BOLD signals and estimation of the underlying neural responses

Segmentation in the perception and memory of events

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