Human behaviour during and immediately following earthquake shaking: developing a methodological approach for analysing video footage

Lambie, Emily; Wilson, Thomas; Johnston, David; Jensen, Steven J.; Brogt, Erik; Doyle, Emma E.H.; Lindell, Michael K.; Helton, William S.

doi:10.1007/s11069-015-1967-4

Cited by 30 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Future research should supplement post-impact survey data with the analysis of behavioral responses during and immediately after earthquake shaking that are captured on closed-circuit television (CCTV) recordings [44]. Such data necessarily have limitations such as paucity of locations (mostly public), limited field of view, lack of audio data, and data loss due to power outages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral Response in the Immediate Aftermath of Shaking: Earthquakes in Christchurch and Wellington, New Zealand, and Hitachi, Japan

Jon

Lindell

Prater

et al. 2016

IJERPH

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This study examines people's response actions in the first 30 min after shaking stopped following earthquakes in Christchurch and Wellington, New Zealand, and Hitachi, Japan. Data collected from 257 respondents in Christchurch, 332 respondents in Hitachi, and 204 respondents in Wellington revealed notable similarities in some response actions immediately after the shaking stopped. In all four events, people were most likely to contact family members and seek additional information about the situation. However, there were notable differences among events in the frequency of resuming previous activities. Actions taken in the first 30 mins were weakly related to: demographic variables, earthquake experience, contextual variables, and actions taken during the shaking, but were significantly related to perceived shaking intensity, risk perception and affective responses to the shaking, and damage/infrastructure disruption. These results have important implications for future research and practice because they identify promising avenues for emergency managers to communicate seismic risks and appropriate responses to risk area populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral Response in the Immediate Aftermath of Shaking: Earthquakes in Christchurch and Wellington, New Zealand, and Hitachi, Japan

Jon

Lindell

Prater

et al. 2016

IJERPH

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“…walking speeds and evacuation flows) on earthquake evacuation behaviour can be identified in the existing literature. These data have been collected using different techniques, namely video analysis [55][56][57]; interviews and questionnaires [58][59][60]; direct observations during an earthquake [61]; and evacuation drills [62,63]. Despite the lack of a comprehensive literature review on human behaviour in earthquake evacuations, several key behavioural statements and qualitative data can be identified and used to program NPC behaviour during an earthquake.…”

Section: Npc Behaviour and Participant-npc Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prototyping virtual reality serious games for building earthquake preparedness: The Auckland City Hospital case study

Lovreglio

González

Feng

et al. 2018

Advanced Engineering Informatics

148

100

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Enhancing evacuee safety is a key factor in reducing the number of injuries and deaths that result from earthquakes. One way this can be achieved is by training occupants. Virtual Reality (VR) and Serious Games (SGs), represent novel techniques that may overcome the limitations of traditional training approaches. VR and SGs have been examined in the fire emergency context; however, their application to earthquake preparedness has not yet been extensively examined. We provide a theoretical discussion of the advantages and limitations of using VR SGs to investigate how building occupants behave during earthquake evacuations and to train building occupants to cope with such emergencies. We explore key design components for developing a VR SG framework: (a) what features constitute an earthquake event; (b) which building types can be selected and represented within the VR environment; (c) how damage to the building can be determined and represented; (d) how non-player characters (NPC) can be designed; and (e) what level of interaction there can be between NPC and the human participants. We illustrate the above by presenting the Auckland City Hospital, New Zealand as a case study, and propose a possible VR SG training tool to enhance earthquake preparedness in public buildings.

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“…Future studies could aim to build on this method by analyzing footage which includes audio data; such research would contribute to a clearer understanding of the role of factors such as oral communication and noise inputs such as building damage and earthquake shaking. Beyond such developments, it would be beneficial to analyze the CCTV footage developed by Lambie et al (2016) on a consistent basis. Although we found differences in our study compared to Lambie et al (2017) using the same procedure, it is probable that these differences are more likely due to contextual rather than method factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral responses to earthquake shaking: Video footage analysis of the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake in Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand

et al. 2022

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Initiatives such as the ShakeOut earthquake drill (run nationally in Aotearoa New Zealand since 2012) are effective at teaching the protective actions “drop, cover, and hold” which can reduce the likelihood of injury during earthquakes. However, our understanding of human behavior during actual shaking is limited. Previous work has used retrospective self-reports to explore what actions people take during and immediately after an earthquake. While informative, such data is exposed to biases common in these types of methods. It is therefore important to complement the previous research with more objective data. This research builds on previously-developed methods of analyzing Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) footage to examine actions taken during the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake at Wellington International Airport, Aotearoa New Zealand. Only one of the 68 codable individuals was observed to undertake “drop, cover, and hold” as recommended in New Zealand, although a quarter took some kind of protective action (e.g. dropping or covering). The majority responded by standing, walking, looking around, or helping those near them. Because this earthquake had distinct P-wave and S-waves, we were able to examine changes in behavior caused by increases in shaking intensity. Among the 36 individuals who could be observed during the strong S-wave jolt, 27 changed their behavior; 11 changed from not protecting themselves to taking at least one protective action, and another 8 who were already undertaking at least one protective action took a further one or more steps to protect themselves. Among the 10 people observed to have an uncontrolled response to the sudden increase in shaking intensity, nine were taking no actions to protect themselves demonstrating the importance of taking protective actions before the arrival of strong shaking. This article presents key considerations for CCTV analysis and useful observations of behavior during earthquake shaking which can help to reduce injuries and fatalities.

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Human behaviour during and immediately following earthquake shaking: developing a methodological approach for analysing video footage

Cited by 30 publications

References 28 publications

Behavioral Response in the Immediate Aftermath of Shaking: Earthquakes in Christchurch and Wellington, New Zealand, and Hitachi, Japan

Behavioral Response in the Immediate Aftermath of Shaking: Earthquakes in Christchurch and Wellington, New Zealand, and Hitachi, Japan

Prototyping virtual reality serious games for building earthquake preparedness: The Auckland City Hospital case study

Behavioral responses to earthquake shaking: Video footage analysis of the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake in Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand

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