Human auditory steady state responses to binaural and monaural beats

Schwarz, D. W. F.; Taylor, Paul A.

doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2004.09.014

Cited by 130 publications

(163 citation statements)

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“…This lack of any clear change in either the alpha or beta EEG frequencies following exposure to binaural beats is consistent with those reporting similar null effects following exposure to theta (Wahbeh et al, 2007) and alpha (Goodin, et al, 2012) binaural beats. However, this is in contrast to others who have reported changes in the EEG following exposure to delta/theta (Brady & Stevens, 2000;Karino et al, 2004;Karino et al, 2006;Pratt et al, 2010) and gamma (Grose & Mamo, 2011;Schwarz & Taylor, 2005) frequency ranges.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 93%

“…Nevertheless, a number of reports have found that short bursts of binaural beats can elicit clear changes in the EEG. For instance, Hink et al (1980) played tones in short bursts of 100 milliseconds, Schwarz and Taylor (2005) played binaural beats in short bursts of 1200ms, Pratt et al (2010) presented binaural beats for bursts of 2000ms and Grose and Mamo (2011) presented tones in bursts of a little under 2 seconds. It may be that presenting the binaural beats in short bursts provides a stronger more robust auditory stimulus and as such is more capable of eliciting a response in the EEG.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is not clear as yet precisely how widespread the changes in electrocortical activity may be following exposure to binaural beats as there are a number of inconsistencies in the literature. For example, some have reported changes amplitude at the central midline region (Cz) following exposure to binaural beats (Schwarz & Taylor, 2005) whilst others have failed to find any evidence of such a change (Wahbeh et al, 2007). These inconsistencies may stem from differences in methodology, in particular the nature and frequency of the carrier tones used to present the binaural beats as well as the duration of exposure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This includes changes in delta (Kennerly, 2004;Pratt et al, 2010), theta (Brady & Stevens, 2000;Karino et al, 2004;Karino et al, 2006;Pratt et al, 2010) and gamma (Schwarz & Taylor, 2005). However, no changes have yet been reported in the key EEG frequencies of alpha and beta.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tracking EEG changes in response to alpha and beta binaural beats

Вернон

Peryer

Louch

et al. 2014

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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A binaural beat can be produced by presenting two tones of differing frequency, one to each ear. Such auditory stimulation has been suggested to influence behaviour and cognition via the process of cortical entrainment. However, research so far has only shown frequency following responses in the traditional EEG frequency ranges of delta, theta and gamma.Hence a primary aim of this research was to ascertain whether it would be possible to produce clear changes in the EEG in either the alpha or beta frequency ranges. Such changes, if possible, would have a number of important implications as well as potential applications.A secondary goal was to track any observable changes in EEG throughout the entrainment epoch to gain some insight into the nature of the entrainment effects any changes in an effort to identify more effective entrainment regimes. Twenty two healthy participants were recruited and randomly allocated to one of two groups, each of which was exposed to a distinct binaural beat frequency for ten 1-minute epochs. The first group listened to an alpha binaural beat of 10Hz and the second to a beta binaural beat of 20Hz. EEG was recorded from the left and right temporal regions during pre-exposure baselines, stimulus exposure epochs and post-exposure baselines. Analysis of changes in broad-band and narrow-band amplitude, and frequency showed no effect of either binaural beat frequency eliciting a frequency following effect in the EEG. Possible mediating factors are discussed and a number of recommendations are made regarding future studies, exploring entrainment effects from binaural beat presentation.3

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tracking EEG changes in response to alpha and beta binaural beats

Вернон

Peryer

Louch

et al. 2014

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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“…The route of the auditory nerve to the brain allows the exchange of information coming from both sides, before the sound reaches the cortex, ensuring conscious listening. This exchange occurs at least in two areas of the auditory nerve: in the upper olive grove body, small mass of gray matter located in the ventral pontine reticular system (in charge of contralateral integration of auditory system), and transfers it to other area, the inferior colliculus (Schwarz, Taylor, 2005). The two signals arriving from different ears are connected in the brain, resulting in a third signal called the binaural tone (Kasprzak, 2011;Padmanabhan et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Binaural Stimulation on Attention and EEG

Crespo¹,

Recuero²,

Gálvez³

et al. 2013

Archives of Acoustics

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When two pure tones of slightly different frequency are presented separately to each ear, the listener perceives a third single tone with amplitude variations at a frequency that equals the difference between the two tones; this perceptual illusion is known as the binaural auditory beat (BB). There are anecdotal reports that suggest that the binaural beat can entrain EEG activity and may affect the arousal levels, although few studies have been published.There is a need for double-blind, well-designed studies in order to establish a solid foundation for these sounds, as most of the documented benefits come from self-reported cases that could be affected by placebo effect. As BBs are a cheap technology (it even exists a free open source programmable binauralbeat generator on the Internet named Gnaural), any achievement in this area could be of public interest. The aim in our research was to explore the potential of BBs in a particular field: tasks that require focus and concentration. In order to detect changes in the brain waves that could relate to any particular improvement, EEG recordings of a small sample of individuals were also obtained.In this study we compare the effect of different binaural stimulation in 7 EEG frequency ranges. 78 participants were exposed to 20-min binaural beat stimulation. The effects were obtained both qualitative with cognitive test and quantitative with EEG analysis. Results suggest no significant statistical improvement in 20-min stimulation.

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Gamma oscillations and application of 40‐Hz audiovisual stimulation to improve brain function

Chen

Shi

et al. 2022

Brain and Behavior

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Background: Audiovisual stimulation, such as auditory stimulation, light stimulation, and audiovisual combined stimulation, as a non-invasive stimulation, which can induce gamma oscillation, has received increased attention in recent years, and it has been preliminarily applied in the clinical rehabilitation of brain dysfunctions, such as cognitive, language, motor, mood, and sleep dysfunctions. However, the exact mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of 40-Hz audiovisual stimulation remains unclear; the clinical applications of 40-Hz audiovisual stimulation in brain dysfunctions rehabilitation still need further research.Objective: In order to provide new insights into brain dysfunction rehabilitation, this review begins with a discussion of the mechanism underlying 40-Hz audiovisual stimulation, followed by a brief evaluation of its clinical application in the rehabilitation of brain dysfunctions.Results: Currently, 40-Hz audiovisual stimulation was demonstrated to affect synaptic plasticity and modify the connection status of related brain networks in animal experiments and clinical trials. Although its promising efficacy has been shown in the treatment of cognitive, mood, and sleep impairment, research studies into its application in language and motor dysfunctions are still ongoing. Conclusions:Although 40-Hz audiovisual stimulation seems to be effective in treating cognitive, mood, and sleep disorders, its role in language and motor dysfunctions has yet to be determined.

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Human auditory steady state responses to binaural and monaural beats

Cited by 130 publications

References 30 publications

Tracking EEG changes in response to alpha and beta binaural beats

Tracking EEG changes in response to alpha and beta binaural beats

Effect of Binaural Stimulation on Attention and EEG

Gamma oscillations and application of 40‐Hz audiovisual stimulation to improve brain function

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