Human Antibody Response toAedes albopictusSalivary Proteins: A Potential Biomarker to Evaluate the Efficacy of Vector Control in an Area of Chikungunya and Dengue Virus Transmission

Abstract

Aedes borne viruses represent public health problems in southern countries and threat to emerge in the developed world. Their control is currently based on vector population control. Much effort is being devoted to develop new tools to control such arbovirus. Recent findings suggest that the evaluation of human antibody (Ab) response to arthropod salivary proteins is relevant to measuring the level of human exposure to mosquito bites. Using an immunoepidemiological approach, the present study aimed to assess the usefulness of the salivary biomarker for measuring the efficacy of Ae. albopictus control strategies in La Reunion urban area. The antisaliva Ab response of adult humans exposed to Ae. albopictus was evaluatedbefore and after vector control measures. Our results showed a significant correlation between antisaliva Ab response and the level of exposure to vectors bites. The decrease of Ae. albopictus density has been detected by this biomarker two weeks after the implementation of control measures, suggesting its potential usefulness for evaluating control strategies in a short time period. The identification of species specific salivary proteins/peptides should improve the use of this biomarker.

Salivary Biomarkers in the Control of Mosquito-Borne Diseases

“…Similarly, the measure of the IgG response helped in assessing the efficacy of control strategies based on deltamethrin spray and physical elimination of breeding sites two weeks after the implementation of these control measures. This result is particularly important for the relevancy of SBs in that no significant decrease of the Breteau index (BI) and adult density was observed using the standard entomological techniques [ 39 ]. These studies show that the SB is a pertinent tool for assessing the efficacy of different vector control strategies over a short period.…”

Concentración de los anticuerpos en contra de proteínas de las glándulas salivares de Aedes aegypti e historia de la exposición al virus del dengue en residentes de una zona endémica colombiana

“…Previous studies have shown that the type and concentration of antibodies against vector salivary gland extract (SGE) can serve as markers for disease transmission and risk (7)(8)(9)(10) and to evaluate the efficacy of vector control efforts (11,12). Additionally, estimating the prevalence of antibodies against all DENV serotypes that have circulated in a specific area gives insight of the population exposure to the virus (13).…”

New Immuno-Epidemiological Biomarker of Human Exposure to Aedes Vector Bites: From Concept to Applications

“…Regarding Aedes mosquitoes, several studies in Finnish Lapland [ 25 ], Canada [ 38 ], Senegal [ 17 ], Bolivia and Reunion Island [ 23 , 39 ], have reported an increasing anti-saliva IgG Ab during the peak of human exposure or in persons living in sites with higher Aedes density. Anti-saliva IgG responses have shown to potentially wane just 15 days after a decrease in Aedes albopictus densities [ 40 ]. Other studies performed in domestic animals showed that IgM antibodies against the saliva of triatomine bugs can be detected after one day of exposure and waned rapidly (18 days) [ 41 , 42 ].…”

“…The idea was that the level of specific Ab of an individual is proportional, as a proxy, to the intensity of mosquito bites received by the individual ( Figure 2 ). For example, it has been shown that an individual slightly exposed to Aedes bites thus produces a low-level Ab response (≤0.70 ΔOD) to Aedes salivary antigens, while a highly-exposed individual to Aedes bites produces a high-level Ab response (≥1.2 ΔOD) to Aedes salivary antigens [ 40 ]. The advantage of such a tool is that it is quantitative (values are expressed in optical densities (OD)) and individual (one OD value represents the level of exposure to bites of one individual).…”