Human adenovirus spread, rainfalls, and the occurrence of gastroenteritis cases in a Brazilian basin

Abstract

Climate variables may interfere with the environmental persistence and spread of pathogenic microorganisms. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of human adenovirus (HAdV) and total and thermotolerant coliforms in treated and untreated water and report gastroenteritis cases in seven cities located in the hydrographic basin of the Sinos River (HBSR), Southern Brazil. The data on water quality from samples collected at catchment areas of HBSR from March to December 2011 were compared with precipitation records, virus detection rates and viral loads, and information on enteric diseases among residents of the region. There was a marked increase in precipitation intensity in April, July, and August and a decrease in May and November. The number of HAdV genome copies (gc) in untreated water ranged from 2.1×10(8) gc/L in June to 7.8×10(1) gc/L in December, and in treated water, from 6.3×10(4) gc/L in September to 4.1×10(1) gc/L in November. The most probable number (MPN) of total coliforms ranged from 5×10(1) MPN/100 mL in December to 2.4×10(5) MPN/100 mL in July, and thermotolerant coliforms ranged from 1×10(1) MPN/100 mL in August to 6.9×10(4) MPN/100 mL in July. A total of 79 hospital admissions due to gastroenteritis were registered in the cities studied. The results for coliforms in untreated water demonstrate deficits in sanitation and wastewater treatment. These findings also indicate a possible relationship between the occurrence of rainfalls after dry periods and an increase in the number of gastroenteritis cases and in HAdV load quantified in surface water collected for conventional potabilization.

Ecotoxicological risk assessment due to the presence of bisphenol A and caffeine in surface waters in the Sinos River Basin - Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil

“…The population of the Basin is estimated as 975,000 inhabitants, with 90.6% living in urban areas (FEPAM, 2016). According to Rodrigues et al (2015), only 4.5% of the sewage from SRHB is treated, resulting in degraded water quality, mainly in its lower portion (FEPAM, 2016).…”

Viroses Entéricas: Principais Patologias De Veiculação Hídrica E Suas Manifestações Clínicas

“…Embora tais microrganismos demonstrem contaminação entérica, atualmente no Brasil, não há legislação vigente para vírus na água de abastecimento público, somente bactérias do Grupo coliformes totais e termotolerantes são usadas como indicadores de qualidade microbiológica da água para consumo, os vírus são citados a monitoramento somente em casos de surtos epidêmicos, não sendo obrigatória a análise viral em águas para consumo humano conforme a Portaria 2914 de 2011 (RODRIGUES et al, 2015;CONAMA, 2005).…”

“…As gastroenterites e infecções virais são apontadas como segunda principal causa de doenças transmitidas por água contaminada. Além disso, os vírus entéricos possuem capacidade de infectar alimentos sem alterar suas propriedades, a água e o solo, tornando-se de fácil disseminação ocasionando diversos quadros clínicos (BRASIL, 2009;DUTRA et al, 2012;RODRIGUES et al, 2015).…”

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“…It is known that viruses are the main cause of water-related diseases, and since the treatment techniques currently used do not ensure their complete removal or inactivation, they contaminate hydric resources on a large scale, becoming a serious health concern (Rodrigues et al, 2015). Although its role in transmitting diseases through water is less understood than those of bacteria and protozoa, it is known that the risk of viral infection is 10 to 10000 times greater (Bosch, 1998).…”