Human adaptation to high altitude: a review of convergence between genomic and proteomic signatures

Sharma, Vandana; Varshney, Rajeev K.; Sethy, Niroj Kumar

doi:10.1186/s40246-022-00395-y

Cited by 27 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…The wild plants used by Tibetan people include edible plants (62 species), medicinal plants (32), cultural plants (24), economic plants (24), fodders (20), fuelwoods (19), craft plants (10), tools (5), dyes (4) (Table 4).…”

Section: Evaluation and Selection Of Wild Edibles Based On Ficmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An ethnobotanical study on wild plants used by Tibetan people in Gyirong valley, Tibet, China

Guo

Ding

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: Gyirong valley is known as the “Back Garden of the Himalayas” and is located in the core area of the Everest National Nature Reserve. Gyirong is also one of the important ports from ancient Tibet to Kathmandu, Nepal. Over the years, the Tibetans of Gyirong had accumulated sufficient traditional knowledge about local plant resources. However, there is almost no comprehensive report available on ethnobotanical knowledge about the local people. The purposes of this study were to (1) conduct a comprehensive study of WEPs used by Tibetan people in Gyirong valley, document the traditional knowledge associated with wild useful plants, and (2) evaluate species with important cultural significance to Tibetan people of Gyirong Valley. Methods: Ethnobotanical data were documented through free listings, key informant interviews, and semi-structured interviews during fieldwork. The culture importance index (CI), and the informant consensus factor index (FIC) were used as quantitative indices. Results: In total, 120 informants (61 women and 59 men) and 3,333 use reports and 111 wild plant species belonging to 39 families and 81 genera were included. These use reports were then classified into 27 categories belonging to 3 major categories. The use category that contained the most plant species was edible plants (62), followed by medicinal plants (32), and other uses (71). Plants with high CI included Allium prattii, Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora, Gymnadenia orchidis, Rhododendron anthopogon, Fritillaria cirrhosa. There are 36 species of plants in the catalog of Gyirong and Yadong were the same, but only 17 species were the same in Gyirong and Burang. There were only 11 overlapping species between all the three regions. Conclusion: Tibetans of Gyirong have rich and unique knowledge about plant use, and wild edible and medicinal plants play an important role in the nutrition and health protection of local people. There is a higher proportion of ritual plants and wooden bowl handicraft plants in Gyirong. However, traditional knowledge is slowly being lost and is being hit by modern tourism. In the future, more attention needs to be paid to the important role of traditional knowledge in biodiversity conservation.

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Section: Evaluation and Selection Of Wild Edibles Based On Ficmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tibetans are one of the 56 ethnic minorities in China, mainly living in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with an average altitude of over 4000 m [20,21]. They have extensive knowledge of wild useful plants [22][23][24][25][26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An ethnobotanical study on wild plants used by Tibetan people in Gyirong valley, Tibet, China

Guo

Ding

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Tibetans are one of the 56 ethnic minorities in China, mainly living in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, with an average altitude of over 4000 m [ 20 , 21 ]. They have extensive knowledge of wild useful plants [ 22 – 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An ethnobotanical study on wild plants used by Tibetan people in Gyirong Valley, Tibet, China

Guo

Ding

et al. 2022

J Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine

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Background Gyirong Valley known as the “Back Garden of the Himalayas” is located in the core area of the Everest National Nature Reserve. It is also one of the important ports from ancient Tibet to Kathmandu, Nepal, since ancient times. Over the years, the Tibetans of Gyirong had accumulated sufficient traditional knowledge about local plant resources. However, there is almost no comprehensive report available on ethnobotanical knowledge about the local people. The purposes of this study were to (1) conduct a comprehensive study of wild plants used by Tibetan people in Gyirong Valley and record the traditional knowledge associated with wild useful plants, (2) explore the influence of Tibetan traditional culture and economic development on the use of wild plants by local people, and (3) explore the characteristics of traditional knowledge about wild plants of Tibetans in Gyirong. Methods Ethnobotanical data were documented through free listings, key informant interviews and semi-structured interviews during fieldwork. The culture importance index and the informant consensus factor index were used as quantitative indices. Results In total, 120 informants (61 women and 59 men) and 3333 use reports and 111 wild plant species belonging to 39 families and 81 genera were included. These use reports were then classified into 27 categories belonging to three major categories. The use category that contained the most plant species was edible plants (62), followed by medicinal plants (32) and economic plants (22), and other uses (71). Plants with high CI included Allium prattii, Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora, Gymnadenia orchidis, Rhododendron anthopogon and Fritillaria cirrhosa. Thirty-six species of plants in the catalog of Gyirong and Yadong were the same, but only 17 species were the same in Gyirong and Burang. There were only 11 overlapping species between all the three regions. Conclusion Tibetans of Gyirong have rich and unique knowledge about plant use, and wild edible and medicinal plants play an important role in the nutrition and health protection of local people. However, traditional knowledge is slowly being lost and is being hit by modern tourism. In the future, more attention needs to be paid to the important role of traditional knowledge in biodiversity conservation.

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“…Mammals exhibit several physiological responses during exposure to high altitudes, such as increased oxygen transport in the blood mediated by enhanced hemoglobin function, which enables a higher performance capacity (i.e., VO 2 max) to sustain life in low oxygen conditions ( Storz, 2021 ). The genetic background underlying adaptation to high altitudes has been well-studied in both humans and animals, including ruminants ( Beall, 2014 ; Friedrich and Wiener, 2020 ; Sharma et al, 2022 ). For ruminants, these challenging conditions affect not only the host, but also their commensal microbiota, especially the diversity and composition of the rumen microbiota; multiple studies have described tripartite interactions among host-environment-rumen microbiota.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rumen microbiota of indigenous and introduced ruminants and their adaptation to the Qinghai–Tibetan plateau

Jia²,

Wen³

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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The grassland in the Qinghai–Tibetan plateau provide habitat for many indigenous and introduced ruminants which perform important ecological functions that impact the whole Qinghai–Tibetan plateau ecosystem. These indigenous Tibetan ruminants have evolved several adaptive traits to withstand the severe environmental conditions, especially cold, low oxygen partial pressure, high altitude, strong UV radiation, and poor forage availability on the alpine rangelands. Despite the challenges to husbandry associated with the need for enhanced adaptation, several domesticated ruminants have also been successfully introduced to the alpine pasture regions to survive in the harsh environment. For ruminants, these challenging conditions affect not only the host, but also their commensal microbiota, especially the diversity and composition of the rumen microbiota; multiple studies have described tripartite interactions among host-environment-rumen microbiota. Thus, there are significant benefits to understanding the role of rumen microbiota in the indigenous and introduced ruminants of the Qinghai–Tibetan plateau, which has co-evolved with the host to ensure the availability of specific metabolic functions required for host survival, health, growth, and development. In this report, we systemically reviewed the dynamics of rumen microbiota in both indigenous and introduced ruminants (including gut microbiota of wild ruminants) as well as their structure, functions, and interactions with changing environmental conditions, especially low food availability, that enable survival at high altitudes. We summarized that three predominant driving factors including increased VFA production, enhanced fiber degradation, and lower methane production as indicators of higher efficiency energy harvest and nutrient utilization by microbiota that can sustain the host during nutrient deficit. These cumulative studies suggested alteration of rumen microbiota structure and functional taxa with genes that encode cellulolytic enzymes to potentially enhance nutrient and energy harvesting in response to low quality and quantity forage and cold environment. Future progress toward understanding ruminant adaptation to high altitudes will require the integration of phenotypic data with multi-omics analyses to identify host-microbiota co-evolutionary adaptations enabling survival on the Qinghai–Tibetan plateau.

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Human adaptation to high altitude: a review of convergence between genomic and proteomic signatures

Cited by 27 publications

References 104 publications

An ethnobotanical study on wild plants used by Tibetan people in Gyirong valley, Tibet, China

An ethnobotanical study on wild plants used by Tibetan people in Gyirong valley, Tibet, China

An ethnobotanical study on wild plants used by Tibetan people in Gyirong Valley, Tibet, China

Rumen microbiota of indigenous and introduced ruminants and their adaptation to the Qinghai–Tibetan plateau

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