Human Activities as Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds in Residential Environments

Clobes, A. L.; Ananth, G. P.; Hood, Ahmed; Schroeder, J. A.; Lee, K. A.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb16534.x

Cited by 26 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Exposure to benzene occurs mainly as a result of active and passive smoking, driving and other personal activities associated with motor vehicles, use of attached garages for parking cars, or from storing gasoline (Wallace, 1987;Clobes et al, 1992). High doses affect the central nervous system, while exposure levels as low as 1 ppm are reported to result in a high risk of leukemia and anemia in children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residential environmental measurements in the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) pilot study in Arizona: preliminary results for pesticides and VOCs

Gordon

Callahan

Nishioka

et al. 1999

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

122

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A major objective of the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) performed in Arizona was to conduct residential environmental and biomarker measurements of selected pesticides (chlorpyrifos, diazinon), volatile organic compounds (VOCs; benzene, toluene, trichloroethene, formaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene), and metals for total human exposure assessments. Both personal (e.g., blood, urine, dermal wipes, 24 h duplicate diet) and microenvironmental (e.g., indoor and outdoor air, house dust, foundation soil) samples were collected in each home in order to describe individual exposure via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal pathways, and to extrapolate trends to larger populations. This paper is a preliminary report of only the microenvironmental and dermal wipe data obtained for the target pesticides and VOCs, and provides comparisons with results from similar studies. Evaluations of total exposure from all sources and pathways will be addressed in future papers. The pesticides and VOCs all showed log-normal distributions of concentrations in the Arizona population sampled, and in most cases were detected with sufficient frequency to allow unequivocal description of the concentration by media at the 90th, 75th, and 50th (median) percentiles. Those combinations of pollutant and media, in which a large fraction of the measurements were below the detection limit of the analysis method used, included trichloroethene, 1,3-butadiene, and formaldehyde in outdoor air; chlorpyrifos and diazinon in outdoor air; and diazinon in dermal and window sill wipes. In general, indoor air concentrations were higher than outdoor air concentrations for all VOCs and pesticides investigated, and VOC levels were in good agreement with levels reported in other studies. In addition, the agreement obtained between co-located VOC samplers indicated that the low-cost diffusional badges used to measure concentrations are probably adequate for use in future monitoring studies. For the pesticides, the median levels found in indoor samples agreed well with other studies, although the levels corresponding to the upper 0.1±1% of the population were considerably higher than levels reported elsewhere, with indoor air levels as high as 3.3 and 20.5 g /m 3 for chlorpyrifos and diazinon, respectively. These data showed excellent correlation (Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients of 0.998 and 0.998, respectively) between chlorpyrifos in indoor air and in the corresponding dermal wipes, and relatively poor correlation between chlorpyrifos in dust (g /g or g /m 2 ) and dermal wipes (Pearson=0.055 g /g and 0.015 g /m 2 ; Spearman=0.644 g /g and 0.578 g /m 2 ). These data suggest the importance of dermal penetration of semi-volatiles as a route of residential human exposure.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residential environmental measurements in the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) pilot study in Arizona: preliminary results for pesticides and VOCs

Gordon

Callahan

Nishioka

et al. 1999

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

122

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“…48 In contrast, ventilation and air conditioning tend to reduce indoor volatile organic compounds. 49 In general, indoor concentrations are higher than outdoor concentrations, and concentrations in winter are greater than in summer. 50 Small clinically controlled studies have demonstrated bronchoconstriction from insecticides that contain pyrethrin and perfumes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Quality of indoor residential air and health

Dales¹,

Liu²,

Wheeler³

et al. 2008

Canadian Medical Association Journal

165

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About 90% of our time is spent indoors where we are exposed to chemical and biological contaminants and possibly to carcinogens. These agents may influence the risk of developing nonspecific respiratory and neurologic symptoms, allergies, asthma and lung cancer. We review the sources, health effects and control strategies for several of these agents. There are conflicting data about indoor allergens. Early exposure may increase or may decrease the risk of future sensitization. Reports of indoor moulds or dampness or both are consistently associated with increased respiratory symptoms but causality has not been established. After cigarette smoking, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and radon are the most common causes of lung cancer. Homeowners can improve the air quality in their homes, often with relatively simple measures, which should provide health benefits.

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“…Many of these factors are either chemical-specific (e.g., uptake factors and chemical transformation rates) or are highly dependent on the specific site or situation of interest (including building or setting characteristics [e.g., Kerger et al 2000] or chemical distribution in the environment). These factors and associated exposures can also be influenced by specific human activity patterns such as the use of air conditioning or of specific chemical-containing consumer products (e.g., Clobes et al 1992).…”

Section: Review Of Available Exposure Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Information Resources to Support Human Exposure Assessment Models

Boyce

Garry

2002

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal

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Efforts to model human exposures to chemicals are growing more sophisticated and encompass increasingly complex exposure scenarios. The scope of such analyses has increased, growing from assessments of single exposure pathways to complex evaluations of aggregate or cumulative chemical exposures occurring within a variety of settings and scenarios. In addition, quantitative modeling techniques have evolved from simple deterministic analyses using single point estimates for each necessary input parameter to more detailed probabilistic analyses that can accommodate distributions of input parameters and assessment results. As part of an overall effort to guide development of a comprehensive framework for modeling human exposures to chemicals, available information resources needed to derive input parameters for human exposure assessment models were compiled and critically reviewed. Ongoing research in the area of exposure assessment parameters was also identified. The results of these efforts are summarized and other relevant information that will be needed to apply the available data in a comprehensive exposure model is discussed. Critical data gaps in the available information are also identified. Exposure assessment modeling and associated research would benefit from the collection of additional data as well as by enhancing the accessibility of existing and evolving information resources.

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Human Activities as Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds in Residential Environments

Cited by 26 publications

References 3 publications

Residential environmental measurements in the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) pilot study in Arizona: preliminary results for pesticides and VOCs

Residential environmental measurements in the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) pilot study in Arizona: preliminary results for pesticides and VOCs

Quality of indoor residential air and health

Review of Information Resources to Support Human Exposure Assessment Models

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