Hukou system, mechanisms, and health stratification across the life course in rural and urban China

Song, Qian; Smith, James P.

doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102150

Cited by 89 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Liu found that agricultural hukou holders often have fewer educational resources, lower rates of return on education, and limited employment choice in inflow cities [ 1 ]. Song and Smith suggested that the health inequalities between non-agricultural and agricultural hukou holders can be attributed to the differences in medical services and family backgrounds since childhood and the lower number of clean water resources in rural areas than in urban areas [ 5 ]. In the past decade, the resource allocation effect exerted by the Internet has likely interacted with the hukou system and had different effects on the psychological well-being of non-agricultural and agricultural hukou holders.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, this system often places agricultural hukou holders at a disadvantage in terms of access to resources such as education, housing, and social security [ 1 , 2 ]. Many scholars have noted that the differences in social welfare hidden behind the hukou system have an adverse effect on the subjective well-being, physical health, and psychological well-being of agricultural hukou holders [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ], and they have provided helpful insights into understanding the differences in subjective well-being between Chinese agricultural and non-agricultural hukou holders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does the Effect of Internet Use on Chinese Citizens’ Psychological Well-Being Differ Based on Their Hukou Category?

Long

Han

Yi³

2020

IJERPH

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This paper draws support from the 2018 wave of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS 2018) and uses unconditional quantile regression, re-centered influence function (RIF) decomposition, linear structural equation modelling, extended regression modelling and censored regression to explore the heterogeneity of the impact of Internet use on the psychological well-being of Chinese non-agricultural and agricultural hukou holders. We find that Internet use better improves the psychological well-being of non-agricultural hukou holders, thereby widening the gap in psychological well-being between urban and rural residents in China. Through RIF decomposition, we observe that, except for the 10th quantile, the expansion effect of Internet use on the inequality in psychological well-being between agricultural and non-agricultural hukou holders is mainly reflected in the structure effect, which shows that compared to non-agricultural hukou holders, the return rate of Internet use on the psychological well-being of agricultural hukou holders is lower. Further mechanism analysis shows that using the Internet to socialize, obtain information and understand politics is more beneficial for the psychological well-being of non-agricultural hukou holders; moreover, Internet use can further exert different effects on the psychological well-being of the two groups by differently influencing their job satisfaction, government evaluation, and sleep quality. This study also confirms that relying only on external scientific and technological progress has a limited corrective effect on existing inequalities.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does the Effect of Internet Use on Chinese Citizens’ Psychological Well-Being Differ Based on Their Hukou Category?

Long

Han

Yi³

2020

IJERPH

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“…SES conventionally included three indicators of educational attainment, household income, and employment status. Some researchers indicated that Hukou status should be included in the SES, as it dictated the social bene ts a person received in China [33][34][35]. Hukou system (also called household registration system) of China classi ed all residents into rural and urban holders.…”

Section: Independent Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of socioeconomic status among adult married females on informal caregiving for parents: Evidence from China

Wang

Ding

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Married female caregivers face a higher risk of informal care burden. There is no study to explore the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) among married female caregivers on informal care intensity in China. The purpose of this study is to empirically examine how the SES of married female caregivers affects the amount of informal care they provide for their parents/in-law in China.Methods: 8 waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey were pooled, and that the selection comprised only those women whose parents/in law had a need for care and were living in the same city. Informal caregivers were divided into three categories: non-caregivers (0 hrs/week), low-intensity caregivers (less than 10 hrs/week), and high-intensity caregivers (10 hrs/week and above). Chi-square tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare the SES of the women between non-, low-, and high-intensity caregivers. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to calculate relative risk ratios (RRR) for various SES variables to assess the relation of SES on the likelihood of a low- and high-intensity caregiving in the household, adjusting for age, marital status, family characteristics and wave. Results: Of the 2741 respondents, high-intensity and low-intensity caregivers account for 16.42% and 21.38% respectively. Multinomial logistic regression result shows that the likelihood of being a high-intensity caregiver versus (vs.) a non-caregiver increases as the caregiver’s education attainment increases (p<0.05), and high income is related to the likelihood of being a high-intensity caregiver, but it is only significant at 10% level. Urban females are 1.34 times more likely than their rural counterparts to provide low-intensity care vs. no care (p<0.05) and are 1.34 times more likely to provide high-intensity care vs. no care (p<0.05). Employed females are 1.27 times more likely than those non-employed to provide low-intensity care vs. no care (p<0.05).Conclusions: Differences in SES are found between high-intensity caregivers and low-intensity caregivers. Women with high educational attainment and urban Hukou are more likely to provide high-intensity informal care, and women who are employed and with urban Hukou are more likely to provide low-intensity care.

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“…Some researchers indicated that Hukou status should be included in the SES, as it dictated the social benefits a person received in China [27][28][29]. Therefore, this study used educational attainment (Illiteracy, Primary school degree, Junior high school degree, high school degree, and university degree or above); household income, employment status (employed, unemployed), and Hukou status (urban or rural) to measure SES of the women.…”

Section: Independent Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of socioeconomic status on informal caregiving intensity of adult females for parents: Evidence from a national study in China

Wang¹,

Li²,

Ding³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Few studies explored the effect of SES of caregivers on informal caregiving in China, especially from a female perspective. The purpose of this study was to empirically examine how the SES of female caregivers affects the amount of informal care they provide for parents in China. Methods The data used in this study was derived from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Informal caregivers were divided into three categories: non-caregivers (0 hrs/week), low-intensity caregivers (less than 10 hrs/week), and high-intensity caregivers (more than 10 hrs/week). Chi-square tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare the SES of the women between non-, low-, and high-intensity caregivers. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to calculate relative risk ratios (RRR) for various SES variables to assess the relation of SES on the likelihood of a low- and high-intensity caregiving in the household, adjusting for age, marital status, family characteristics and wave. Results Of the 2741 respondents, high-intensity and low-intensity caregivers accounted for 16.42% and 21.38% respectively. Multinomial logistic regression results found that the likelihood of being a high-intensity caregiver vs. a non-caregivers increased as the caregiver’s education attainment increased. Urban females were 1.34 times more likely than their rural counterparts to provide low-intensity care vs. no care ( p <0.05) and were 1.34 times more likely to provide high-intensity care vs. no care ( p <0.05). Employed females were 1.27 times more likely than those non-employed to provide low-intensity care vs. no care ( p <0.05). Conclusions Differences in SES were found between high-intensity caregivers and low-intensity caregivers. Women with higher SES (higher education attainment, higher incomes, and urban Hukou ) were more likely to provide high-intensity informal care, and women who were employed and with urban Hukou were more likely to provide low-intensity care.

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Hukou system, mechanisms, and health stratification across the life course in rural and urban China

Cited by 89 publications

References 33 publications

Does the Effect of Internet Use on Chinese Citizens’ Psychological Well-Being Differ Based on Their Hukou Category?

Does the Effect of Internet Use on Chinese Citizens’ Psychological Well-Being Differ Based on Their Hukou Category?

The effect of socioeconomic status among adult married females on informal caregiving for parents: Evidence from China

The effect of socioeconomic status on informal caregiving intensity of adult females for parents: Evidence from a national study in China

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