The main challenge to governing ocean resources fairly is understanding international relations around ocean issues, the incentives to cooperate, and approaches to improve cooperation and achieve consensus. We aim to discuss the current and future international relations around ocean issues and also to include the concept of fairness in how we are sharing the oceans' resources. This challenge uses marine protected areas (MPAs) as a case study to highlight key issues in moving from aBusiness-as-usual to More Sustainable future scenario by 2030. This paper will discuss/outline the strategies employed in governing the ocean resources and whether this is a fair system and explore the implementation or non-implementation of a global network of MPAs as a way to conserve and sustainably manage the future oceans' resources at state, regional and global levels. The pathway to achieving a More Sustainable future -builds on and extends theBusiness-as-usual practices. Current policy and regulatory settings provide the base for a More Sustainable future; for example, the new international legally binding instrument under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ) is likely to further support such obligations.