“…Research on the determinants of the cost of capital, the cost of debt and equity, generally involves variables that describe management policies, such as earnings management (Atmaja, 2020;Febrininta and Siregar, 2014;Febriyanto and Firmansyah, 2018;Kim and Charlie, 2013), asymmetric information (Nuryatno et al, 2019), corporate social responsibility disclosure (Firmansyah et al, 2021;Suto and Takehara, 2017;Yeh et al, 2020), corporate governance (AlHares, 2020;Firmansyah et al, 2021), tax avoidance (Chun et al, 2019;Febriyanto and Firmansyah, 2018;Goh et al, 2016;Kovermann, 2018;Shin and Woo, 2018;Sikes and Verrecchia, 2020;Wardani et al, 2019), tax risk (Hutchens & Rego, 2017;Kovermann, 2018). In addition, the determinants of the cost of capital can be seen from the company's external perspective, such as vulnerability to climate change which increases financial constraints (Kling et al, 2021).…”