HTLV-2 infection in injection drug users in King County, Washington

Zunt, Joseph R.; Tapia, Ken; Thiede, Hanne; Lee, Rong; Hagan, Holly

doi:10.1080/00365540600617009

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…For many years, tattoos have been considered a risk factor for getting a hepatitis B infection [37,38] and, therefore, we included a question related to hepatitis B in our survey. One percent of the participants were aware of a positive hepatitis B test that had been performed prior to tattooing, and 1% of a test after tattooing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of Health Problems Associated with Tattooed Skin: A Nation-Wide Survey in German-Speaking Countries

et al. 2010

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Background: Millions of people are tattooed. However, the frequency of health problems is unknown. Methods: We performed an Internet survey in German-speaking countries. Results: The provenance of tattooed participants (n = 3,411) was evenly distributed in Germany. The participants had many (28%; >4) and large tattoos (36%; ≧900 cm²). After tattooing, the people described skin problems (67.5%) or systemic reactions (6.6%). Four weeks after tattooing, 9% still had health problems. Six percent reported persistent health problems due to the tattoo, of which females (7.3%) were more frequently concerned than males (4.2%). Colored tattoos provoked more short-term skin (p = 0.003) or systemic (p = 0.0001) reactions than black tattoos. Also the size of tattoos and the age at the time of tattooing play a significant role in many health problems. Conclusions: Our results show that millions of people in the Western world supposedly have transient or persisting health problems after tattooing. Owing to the large number and size of the tattoos, tattooists inject several grams of tattoo colorants into the skin, which partly spread in the human body and stay for a lifetime. The latter might cause additional health problems in the long term.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of Health Problems Associated with Tattooed Skin: A Nation-Wide Survey in German-Speaking Countries

et al. 2010

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“…In the United States and Europe, needle sharing is a major route of HTLV-2 transmission among the PWID population [11][12][13] . Moreover, study of a cohort of PWID in the United States revealed significant associations between HTLV-2 infection and increased rates of pneumonia, acute bronchitis, urinary tract infection, and myelopathy [14] , and the authors noted that the observed high correlation of HTLV-2 infection with HCV infection was suggestive of injection practices as a major route of transmission.…”

Section: Infection Burdenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies of retroviral transmission carried out in various developing countries have identified incarceration as a risk factor, especially for HCV, suggesting that incarceration may be a surrogate marker for risky behaviour in general, such as needle sharing and unprotected sex [14] . In addition, our previous case report of HTLV in Eastern European countries indicated that the criminalization of drug use and lack of harm reduction strategies in prisons may also serve to increase risk for sexual and parental transmission [15] .…”

Section: Infection Burdenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis C virus/human T lymphotropic virus 1/2 co-infection: Regional burden and virological outcomes in people who inject drugs

Castro¹,

Roger²

2016

WJV

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This review analyses current data concerning co-infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-1/2 in people who inject drugs (PWID), with a particular focus on disease burden and global implications for virological outcome. In addition, the available treatment options for HTLV-1/2 are summarized and the ongoing and likely future research challenges are discussed. The data in this review was obtained from 34 articles on HCV/HTLV-1/2 co-infection in PWID retrieved from the PubMed literature database and published between 1997 and 2015. Despite unavailable estimates of the burden of HCV/HTLV-1/2 co-infection in general, the epidemiologic constellation of HTLV-1/2 shows high incidence in PWID with history of migration, incarceration, and other blood-borne infectious diseases such as HCV or human immunodeficiency virus. The most recent research data strongly suggest that HTLV-1 co-infection can influence HCV viral load, HCV sustained virological response to α-interferon treatment, and HCV-related liver disease progression. In short, outcome of HCV infection is worse in the context of HTLV-1 co-infection, yet more studies are needed to gain accurate estimations of the burden of HCV/HTLV-1/2 co-infections. Moreover, in the current era of new direct-acting antiviral treatments for HCV and proven HTLV-1/2 treatment options, prospective clinical and treatment studies should be carried out, with particular focus on the PWID patient population, with the aim of improving virological outcomes.

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“…2,17 In Brazil and elsewhere, HCV infection is also common in HTLV-1- and 2-infected individuals, principally among IDUs. 18–20 The influence of HTLV-1 and -2 on HCV infection or HIV/HCV coinfection is not well studied, and its pathogenesis is not well understood. In one study among IDUs, HCV viral load was increased in HIV/HTLV-2-infected patients compared with HCV-monoinfected patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus I Infection on Clinical and Immunologic Outcomes in Patients Coinfected With HIV and Hepatitis C Virus

Bahia

Novais

Evans

et al. 2011

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

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Background HIV, hepatitis C (HCV), and human T-cell lymphotropic virus I (HTLV-1) are associated with high global burdens of disease, notably in resource-poor locales. They share similar routes of transmission and cause chronic infections with associated morbidity. We performed a cross-sectional study to assess the impact of HTLV-1 infection on clinical outcomes in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. Methods We enrolled 102 (72.3%) with HIV/HCV coinfection (Group 1) and 39 (27.7%) triply infected with HIV, HCV, and HTLV-1 (Group 2). We reviewed medical records of two groups of patients followed in two outpatients services in Salvador, Brazil. We collected and compared demographic, behavioral-related information, immunologic, virologic, and histologic parameters for HIV-1 and HCV infection. Results Demographics, virologic, and immunologic characteristics were similar in the two groups; a higher proportion of triply infected patients (Group 2) reported any history of injection drug use compared with dually infected (Group 1) patients (75% vs 45.8%; P = 0.003). No differences were seen between groups in HIV clinical outcomes (CD4 count and viral load). Alanine aminotransferase levels were significantly higher in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients (P = 0.045). Liver fibrosis damage based on Metavir scores was similar between groups (0.97) but was worse with lower CD4 cell count (under 200 cells/mm3) (P = 0.01). Conclusions HIV/HTLV-1 and HIV/HCV coinfections may worsen clinical related outcomes, but virologic and immunologic outcomes were similar in both groups. Hepatic measures were worse in patients with more severe immunosuppression.

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HTLV-2 infection in injection drug users in King County, Washington

Cited by 15 publications

References 32 publications

Incidence of Health Problems Associated with Tattooed Skin: A Nation-Wide Survey in German-Speaking Countries

Incidence of Health Problems Associated with Tattooed Skin: A Nation-Wide Survey in German-Speaking Countries

Hepatitis C virus/human T lymphotropic virus 1/2 co-infection: Regional burden and virological outcomes in people who inject drugs

The Impact of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus I Infection on Clinical and Immunologic Outcomes in Patients Coinfected With HIV and Hepatitis C Virus

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