HTLV-1aA introduction into Brazil and its association with the trans-Atlantic slave trade

Amoussa, Adjile Edjide Roukiyath; Wilkinson, Eduan; Giovanetti, Marta; Rego, Filipe Ferreira de Almeida; Araújo, Théssika Hialla Almeida; Gonçalves, Marilda de Souza; Oliveira, Túlio de; Alcântara, Luíz Carlos Júnior

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2016.12.005

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The results of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 subtyping showed Cosmopolitan subtype a of the Transcontinental subgroup A of HTLV-1 (HTLV-1aA) and the variant, c, of the HTLV-2a subtype (HTLV-2c) circulating in São Paulo, confirming the HTLV subtypes more frequently detected in Brazil in individuals of African origin, Amerindians, and IDUs ( 29 – 33 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Provirus Mutations of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) in HIV-1-Coinfected Individuals

Campos

Caterino–de–Araujo

2020

mSphere

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Provirus mutations of human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1), mostly the lack of the 5′ long terminal repeat (LTR) genomic region, have been described and associated with severe adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), non-sense point mutations with low proviral load, and Western blotting indeterminate results. Until now, no information concerning provirus mutations of HTLV-2 and its consequences, as well as those of HTLV-1/2 in HIV-coinfected individuals, had been described. Therefore, we searched for these mutations in provirus samples of 44 HIV/HTLV-1- and 25 HIV/HTLV-2-coinfected individuals. Using protocols well established for amplification and sequencing of segments of the LTR, env, and tax regions, we searched for defective type 1 particles that retain LTRs and lack internal sequences and type 2 particles that lack the 5′LTR region. In addition, using as references the prototypes ATK (HTLV-1) and Mo (HTLV-2), we searched for point mutations in the LTR and synonyms and nonsynonymous mutations and non-sense mutations in env and tax regions. Defective HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 provirus type 1 or 2 was detected in 31.8% of HIV/HTLV-1- and 32.0% of HIV/HTLV-2-coinfected individuals. Synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations were identified mostly in HTLV-2 and associated with lower levels of specific antibodies. No non-sense mutations that resulted in premature termination of Env and Tax proteins were detected. On the contrary, mutation in the stop codon of Tax2a produced a long protein characteristic of the HTLV-2c subtype. The clinical significance of these mutations in coinfected individuals remains to be defined, but they confirmed the lower sensitivity of serological and molecular diagnostic tests in HIV/HTLV-1/2 coinfections. IMPORTANCE HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are endemic to Brazil, and they have different effects in HIV/AIDS disease progression. HIV/HTLV-1 has been described as accelerating the progression to AIDS and death, while HIV/HTLV-2 slows the progression to AIDS. Provirus mutations of HTLV-1 were implicated in severe leukemia development and in problems in the diagnosis of HTLV-1; in contrast, provirus mutations of HTLV-2 had not been confirmed and associated with problems in HTLV-2 diagnosis or disease outcome. Nevertheless, data obtained here allowed us to recognize and understand the false-negative results in serologic and molecular tests applied for HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 diagnosis. Defective proviruses, as well as synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations, were associated with the diagnosis deficiencies. Additionally, since HIV-1 and HTLV-1 infect the same cells (CD4 positive), the production of HIV-1 pseudotypes with HTLV-1 envelope glycoprotein during HIV/HTLV-1 coinfection cannot be excluded. Defective provirus of HTLV-2 and Tax2c is speculated to influence progression to AIDS.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Provirus Mutations of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) in HIV-1-Coinfected Individuals

Campos

Caterino–de–Araujo

2020

mSphere

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“…The accession numbers, geographic sources and collection date are shown in Supplementary material (Table S1). Those isolates without a collection date were assigned an arbitrary isolation date (one year before the corresponding publication or sequence release) based on a recent publication, which demonstrates that this criterion is suitable to be used in HTLV analysis (Amoussa et al, 2017).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic dating analysis of HTLV-1 from Chile suggests transmissions events related to ancient migrations and contemporary expansion

Zanella

Riquelme

Reyes

et al. 2020

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a globally-spread virus. It is estimated that there are about 5-10 million infected people in the world. HTLV is endemic in Chile, with higher seroprevalence among indigenous people. However, little is known about HTLV-1 genetic diversity, its introduction and dispersion in this country. To gain insights into these issues, a phylogenetic dating analysis was conducted based on Chilean and closed related long terminal repeat sequences. The time tree reconstruction showed that the introduction of HTLV-1aA occurred several times in Chile. It was hypothesized that these introductions took place at least in two different historical moments: (i) during the ancient human migrations and (ii) during/after the European colonization of South America. The present study contributes toward understanding the evolutionary history of HTLV-1 in Chile and South America.

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“…The introduction of HTLV-1 in Brazil successfully occurred along these two waves of migration and helped to spread the virus throughout all geographical areas of the country ( Amoussa et al. 2017 ).…”

Section: The Origins Of Htlv-1 and Htlv-2 Infection In South Amerimentioning

confidence: 99%

HTLV in South America: Origins of a silent ancient human infection

Ishak

Azevedo

et al. 2020

Virus Evolution

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The description of the first human retrovirus, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1), was soon associated with an aggressive lymphoma and a chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disease. Later, other associated clinical manifestations were described, affecting diverse target organs in the human body and showing the enormous burden carried by the virus and the associated diseases. The epidemiology of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 showed that they were largely distributed around the world, although it is possible to locate geographical areas with pockets of low and very high prevalence and incidence. Aboriginal Australians and indigenous peoples of Brazil are examples of the large spread of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2, respectively. The epidemiological link of both situations is their occurrence among isolated, epidemiologically closed or semi-closed communities. The origin of the viruses in South America shows two different branches with distinct timing of entry. HTLV-1 made its probable entrance in a more recent route through the east coast of Brazil at the beginning of the slave trade from the African continent, starting in the 16th century and lasting for more than 350 years. HTLV-2 followed the ancient route of human migration from the Asian continent, crossing the Behring Strait and then splitting in South America as the population became separated by the Andes Mountains. By that time, HTLV-2c probably arose and became isolated among the indigenous populations in the Brazilian Amazon. The study of epidemiologically closed communities of indigenous populations in Brazil allowed tracing the most likely route of entry, the generation of a new molecular subtype (HTLV-2c), the elucidation of the vertical transmission of HTLV-2, the intrafamilial aggregation of cases and the escape and spread of the virus to other areas in Brazil and abroad. Despite the burden and impact of both viruses, they are maintained as silent infections among human populations because (i) health authorities in most South American countries in which national surveillance is poor have little interest in the disease, (ii) the information is commonly lost as indigenous groups do not have specific policies for HTLV and other sexually transmitted infections, and (iii) health access is not feasible or properly delivered.

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HTLV-1aA introduction into Brazil and its association with the trans-Atlantic slave trade

Cited by 9 publications

References 49 publications

Provirus Mutations of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) in HIV-1-Coinfected Individuals

Provirus Mutations of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) in HIV-1-Coinfected Individuals

Phylogenetic dating analysis of HTLV-1 from Chile suggests transmissions events related to ancient migrations and contemporary expansion

HTLV in South America: Origins of a silent ancient human infection

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