HTLV-1 and HIV-1 co-infection: A case report and review of the literature

Isache, Carmen; Sands, Michael; Guzman, Nilmarie

doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2016.03.002

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…In European and United States studies, individuals with HIV-1 and HTLV-2 co-infections were found to result in altered clinical outcomes, and also delayed development of AIDS [55, 56]. In contrast, there are several reports were indicated that co-infection with HTLV-1/HIV-1 is associated with faster AIDS clinical progression and shorter survival time and also have more risk to progress myelopathies as well as neurological disease [54, 55, 57, 58]. HTLV-I is widespread in a variety of geographic regions, including Japan, the Caribbean, South America, Africa and Northeastern Iran [59–61].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of CCR5delta32 in Northeastern Iran

et al. 2019

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Background: A 32-base pair deletion (Δ32) in the open reading frame (ORF) of CC motif chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) seems to be a protective variant against immune system diseases, especially human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We aimed to assess the frequency of CCR5Δ32 in the healthy Iranian population. Methods: In this study, 400 normal samples from Khorasan, northeastern Iran, were randomly selected. The frequency of CCR5Δ32 carriers was investigated using PCR analysis. Allele prevalence and the fit to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were analyzed. Results: The prevalence of CCR5Δ32 in the northeastern population of Iran was 0.016. Four hundred samples were studied, among which one with CCR5 Δ32/Δ32 and 11 with CCR5 Wild/Δ32 genotype were detected. Conclusion: This study was the first investigation for an assessment of the prevalence of CCR5Δ32 in northeastern Iran. The low prevalence of CCR5Δ32 allele in the Iranian population may result in the increased susceptibility to HIV-1. In addition, this prevalence is the same as that of reported in East Asia, while is lower than that in the Europeans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of CCR5delta32 in Northeastern Iran

et al. 2019

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“…Although T cells are the major targets of both HIV and HTLV-I, however, these viruses present a different biological behavior that causes diverse impacts on host immunity and ultimately leads to numerous clinical diseases [ 39 ]. It has been reported that the HTLV-I co-infection rate among HIV infected patients as increase as 100 to 500 times in comparison with the general population [ 40 ]. In seroepidemiologic studies, it has been recorded that HIV-infected patients are more exposure to be co-infected with HTLV-I, and vice versa compared to the general population [ 41 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Considering the natural history of HIV, many researchers have noted that co-infection with HIV and HTLV-I can accelerate the clinical progression to AIDS. On the other hand, HIV can adjust HTLV-I expression in co-infected individuals which leads them to a higher risk of developing HTLV-I related diseases such as ATL and TSP/HAM [ 40 , 41 , 45 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling and analysis of a within-host HIV/HTLV-I co-infection

Ełaiw

AlShamrani

2021

Bol. Soc. Mat. Mex.

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) are two retroviruses that attack the T cells and impair their functions. Both HIV and HTLV-I can be transmitted between individuals through direct contact with certain body fluids from infected individuals. Therefore, a person can be co-infected with both viruses. HIV causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), while HTLV-I is the causative agent for adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Several mathematical models have been developed in the literature to describe the within-host dynamics of HIV and HTLV-I mono-infections. However, modeling a within-host dynamics of HIV/HTLV-I co-infection has not been involved. The present paper is concerned with the formulation and investigation of a new HIV/HTLV-I co-infection model under the effect of Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) immune response. The model describes the interaction between susceptible T cells, silent HIV-infected cells, active HIV-infected cells, silent HTLV-infected cells, Tax-expressing HTLV-infected cells, free HIV particles, HIV-specific CTLs and HTLV-specific CTLs. The HIV can spread by virus-to-cell transmission. On the other side, HTLV-I has two modes of transmission, (i) horizontal transmission via direct cell-to-cell contact through the virological synapse, and (ii) vertical transmission through the mitotic division of Tax-expressing HTLV-infected cells. The well-posedness of the model is established by showing that the solutions of the model are nonnegative and bounded. We define a set of threshold parameters which govern the existence and stability of all equilibria of the model. We explore the global asymptotic stability of all equilibria by utilizing Lyapunov function and Lyapunov–LaSalle asymptotic stability theorem. We have presented numerical simulations to justify the applicability and effectiveness of the theoretical results. In addition, we evaluate the effect of HTLV-I infection on the HIV dynamics and vice versa.

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“…For instance, the dual infection rates in peoples living in some parts of Brazil have reached 16% of HIV-infected patients [41]. In a recent work, it has been estimated that the HIV single infected patients have more exposure to be dual infected with HTLV-I at a higher rate initiating from 100 to 500 times in comparison with the uninfected peoples [42]. Moreover, some seroepidemiologic studies have reported that HTLV-infected patients are at risk to have a concurrent infection with HIV, and vice versa compared to those who are infection-free from the general population [40].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many researchers have reported that HIV infected individuals who are possibly dual infected with HTLV-I can potentially be associated with clinical progression with AIDS. In contrast, HIV can modify HTLV-I expression in dual infected patients which leads them to a higher risk of developing HTLV-I related diseases such as TSP/HAM and ATL [40,42].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HTLV/HIV Dual Infection: Modeling and Analysis

Ełaiw

AlShamrani

2020

Mathematics

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Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are two famous retroviruses that share similarities in their genomic organization, and differ in their life cycle as well. It is known that HTLV-I and HIV have in common a way of transmission via direct contact with certain body fluids related to infected patients. Thus, it is not surprising that a single-infected person with one of these viruses can be dually infected with the other virus. In the literature, many researchers have devoted significant efforts for modeling and analysis of HTLV or HIV single infection. However, the dynamics of HTLV/HIV dual infection has not been formulated. In the present paper, we formulate an HTLV/HIV dual infection model. The model includes the impact of the Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTLs) immune response, which is important to control the dual infection. The model describes the interaction between uninfected CD4+T cells, HIV-infected cells, HTLV-infected cells, free HIV particles, HIV-specific CTLs, and HTLV-specific CTLs. We establish that the solutions of the model are non-negative and bounded. We calculate all steady states of the model and deduce the threshold parameters which determine the existence and stability of the steady states. We prove the global asymptotic stability of all steady states by utilizing the Lyapunov function and Lyapunov–LaSalle asymptotic stability theorem. We solve the system numerically to illustrate the our main results. In addition, we compared between the dynamics of single and dual infections.

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HTLV-1 and HIV-1 co-infection: A case report and review of the literature

Cited by 21 publications

References 16 publications

Prevalence of CCR5delta32 in Northeastern Iran

Prevalence of CCR5delta32 in Northeastern Iran

Modeling and analysis of a within-host HIV/HTLV-I co-infection

HTLV/HIV Dual Infection: Modeling and Analysis

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