HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis of antioxidant degradation products migrating to drinking water from PE materials and PEX pipes

Lützhøft, Hans‐Christian Holten; Waul, Christopher Kevin; Andersen, Henrik Rasmus; Seredyńska-Sobecka, Bożena; Mosbæk, Hans; Christensen, Niels Jørgen; Olsson, Mikael; Arvin, Erik

doi:10.1080/03067319.2012.727805

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In a newly installed pipeline distribution system, the presence of BHT‐Q and BHT‐CHO was reported and the latter metabolite was identified in the drinking water samples collected from it (Brocca and others ). In agreement with these results, other authors detected BHT, DBP, and BHT‐Q in drinking water collected from plastic pipes (Skjevrak and others ; Lützhøft and others ). It must be noted that in the last reevaluation of BHT as a food additive (EFSA ), the Panel concluded that this use of BHT in food contact materials would contribute an additional human exposure of 0.05 mg/kg bw/d.…”

Section: Additional Sources Of Exposure and Regulationssupporting

confidence: 84%

2,6‐Di‐Tert‐Butyl‐Hydroxytoluene and Its Metabolites in Foods

Nieva‐Echevarría

Manzanos

Goicoechea

et al. 2014

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

137

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2,6-Di-tert-butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT, E-321) is a synthetic phenolic antioxidant which has been widely used as an additive in the food, cosmetic, and plastic industries for the last 70 y. Although it is considered safe for human health at authorized levels, its ubiquitous presence and the controversial toxicological data reported are of great concern for consumers. In recent years, special attention has been paid to these 14 metabolites or degradation products: BHT-CH 2 OH, BHT-CHO, BHT-COOH, BHT-Q, BHT-QM, DBP, BHT-OH, BHT-OOH, TBP, BHQ, BHT-OH(t), BHT-OH(t)QM, 2-BHT, and 2-BHT-QM. These derived compounds could pose a human health risk from a food safety point of view, but they have been little studied. In this context, this review deals with the occurrence, origin, and fate of BHT in foodstuffs, its biotransformation into metabolites, their toxicological implications, their antioxidant and prooxidant properties, the analytical determination of metabolites in foods, and human dietary exposure. Moreover, noncontrolled additional sources of exposure to BHT and its metabolites are highlighted. These include their carryover from feed to fish, poultry and eggs, their presence in smoke flavorings, their migration from plastic pipelines and packaging to water and food, and their presence in natural environments, from which they can reach the food chain.

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Section: Additional Sources Of Exposure and Regulationssupporting

confidence: 84%

2,6‐Di‐Tert‐Butyl‐Hydroxytoluene and Its Metabolites in Foods

Nieva‐Echevarría

Manzanos

Goicoechea

et al. 2014

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

137

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The analytes were quantified by an HS-SPME-GC-MS method (Lützhøft et al, 2013) modified by adding deuterated BHT of analytical grade (listed in Table 1) as an internal standard for quantification of BHT.…”

Section: Gc-ms Quantification Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These low concentrations is challenging for quantification methods. Lützhøft et al (2013) developed a HS-SPME-GC-MS method (headspace solid phase micro extraction coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection) which allows analysis in the low μg/L range with analyte dependent limits of detection (LOD) in the range 0.15-0.50 μg/L.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of specific aromatic compounds migrating from PEX pipes into drinking water

et al. 2015

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“…As plastics have entered premise plumbing inventories, a growing number of chemical, odor, and microbiological water quality problems have emerged (Kelley et al 2015(Kelley et al , 2014Zhang & Liu 2014;Lutzhoft et al 2013;Pruden et al 2013;Bucheli-Witschel et al 2012;Kowalska et al 2011;Lund et al 2011;Durand & Dietrich 2007;NRC 2006;Koch 2004;Skjevrak et al 2003;Brocca et al 2002). In Europe, it is well known that plastic pipes impart regulated contaminants to drinking water and change aesthetic properties, but testing of brands available in the United States has been limited.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Europe, it is well known that plastic pipes impart regulated contaminants to drinking water and change aesthetic properties, but testing of brands available in the United States has been limited. Plastic water pipes can release additive degradation products and manufacturing by-products into drinking water; total organic carbon (TOC) concentration has been used to monitor these releases (Lutzhoft et al 2013, Kowalska et al 2011, Lund et al 2011, Durand & Dietrich 2007, Koch 2004, Skjevrak et al 2003, Brocca et al 2002, Hametner 1999, Anselme et al 1985a. Drinking water odor can also be impacted (Durand & Dietrich 2007, Heim & Dietrich 2007.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

PEX and PP Water Pipes: Assimilable Carbon, Chemicals, and Odors

et al. 2016

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Eleven brands of plastic drinking water pipe were evaluated for assimilable organic carbon (AOC) release at 23°C for 28 days: polyvinyl chloride, high‐density polyethylene, polypropylene (PP), and cross‐linked polyethylene (PEX) pipes. Three of eight PEX pipe brands exceeded a 100 µg/L AOC microbial regrowth threshold for the first exposure period, and no brands exceeded this value on day 28. No AOC increase was found for PP or PEX‐a1 pipes; the remaining pipe brands contributed marginal AOC levels. Pipe water quality impacts were more fully evaluated for two PEX‐b brands and one PP brand. PEX pipes caused greater odor than the PP pipe and released more organic carbon as well as volatile and semi‐volatile organic compounds. Water quality impacts were less after 30 days. Regulated and unregulated contaminants were found in three PEX plumbing systems. Drinking water odors were attributed to toluene, ethyl‐tert‐butyl ether, and unidentified contaminants.

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HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis of antioxidant degradation products migrating to drinking water from PE materials and PEX pipes

Cited by 9 publications

References 25 publications

2,6‐Di‐Tert‐Butyl‐Hydroxytoluene and Its Metabolites in Foods

2,6‐Di‐Tert‐Butyl‐Hydroxytoluene and Its Metabolites in Foods

Degradation of specific aromatic compounds migrating from PEX pipes into drinking water

PEX and PP Water Pipes: Assimilable Carbon, Chemicals, and Odors

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